CD4

CD4 molecule
Identificadores
Nomes alternativos
IDs externosGeneCards: [1]
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Representação esquemática do co-receptor CD4

CD4 (Grupamento de diferenciação 4 ou cluster of differentation, em inglês) é uma molécula que se expressa na superfície de algumas células T, macrófagos, monócitos, célula dendrítica [1] e nos neutrófilos [2]. É uma glicoproteína monomérica de 59kDa que contém quatro domínios (D1, D2, D3, D4) de tipo imunoglobulinas.

Papel no HIV

O HIV penetra nos macrófagos e nos linfócitos T CD4+ através da adsorção de glicoproteínas na sua superfície para recetores na célula-alvo, seguida pela fusão do envelope viral com a membrana celular e pela libertação do capsídeo do VIH na célula.[3][4]

A penetração na célula tem início com a interação do complexo envelope trímero (gp160) com o CD4 e um recetor de quimiocina na superfície da célula (geralmente o CCR5 ou CXCR4, embora sejam conhecidos outros).[3][4] A gp120 liga-se à integrina α4β7, ativando o LFA-1, a principal integrina envolvida no estabelecimento de sinapses virológicas, que facilita a disseminação eficiente do VIH-1 entre células.[5] A gp160 contém domínios de ligação tanto para o CD4 como para os recetores de quimioquina.[3][4]

O primeiro estágio na fusão envolve a união dos domínios de ligação CD4 da gp120 ao CD4. Uma vez ligada a gp120 com a proteína CD4, o complexo envelope atravessa uma alteração na estrutura, expondo os domínios de ligação de quimioquina da gp120 e permitindo-lhes interagir com o recetor-alvo de quimioquina.[3][4] Isto permite uma ligação mais estável, o que permite ao peptídeo de fusão N-terminal gp41 penetrar na membrana celular.[3][4] Em seguida, as sequências de repetição na gp41, HR1 e HR2 interagem entre si, provocando o colapso da porção extracelular da gp41 num hairpin. Esta estrutura circular aproxima o vírus da membrana celular, permitindo a fusão das suas membranas e consequente entrada do capsídeo viral.[3][4]

Depois do VIH se ligar à célula-alvo, injeta nela o seu RNA e as suas diversas enzimas, incluindo a transcriptase reversa, integrase, ribonuclease e protease.[3] O VIH pode infetar células dendríticas (CD) através do processo CD4-CCR5, embora possa também usar recetores de lectina tipo C.[6] As células dendríticas são uma das primeiras células que o vírus encontra durante a trensmissão por via sexual. Atualmente, pensa-se que as CD desempenhem um papel importante na transmissão do VIH para os linfócitos, durante o momento em que o vírus é capturado na mucosa.[6] Acredita-se que a presença da proteína FEZ-1, que ocorre naturalmente em neurónios, impeça que o VIH infecte as células.[7]

Leitura de apoio

  • Miceli MC, Parnes JR (1993). «Role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation and differentiation». Adv. Immunol. 53: 59–122. PMID 8512039. doi:10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60498-8 
  • Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM (2001). «Structure--function relationships in HIV-1 Nef». EMBO Rep. 2 (7): 580–5. PMC 1083955Acessível livremente. PMID 11463741. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve141 
  • Greenway AL, Holloway G, McPhee DA; et al. (2004). «HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication». J. Biosci. 28 (3): 323–35. PMID 12734410. doi:10.1007/BF02970151 
  • Bénichou S, Benmerah A (2003). «[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway]». Med Sci (Paris). 19 (1): 100–6. PMID 12836198 
  • Leavitt SA, SchOn A, Klein JC; et al. (2004). «Interactions of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Nef with cellular partners define a novel allosteric paradigm». Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 5 (1): 1–8. PMID 14965316. doi:10.2174/1389203043486955 
  • Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL; et al. (2004). «HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef». Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141–51. PMID 15078178. doi:10.2174/1570162043484924 
  • Hout DR, Mulcahy ER, Pacyniak E; et al. (2005). «Vpu: a multifunctional protein that enhances the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1». Curr. HIV Res. 2 (3): 255–70. PMID 15279589. doi:10.2174/1570162043351246 
  • Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D (2005). «Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection». Curr. HIV Res. 3 (1): 87–94. PMID 15638726. doi:10.2174/1570162052773013 
  • Anderson JL, Hope TJ (2005). «HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell». Current HIV/AIDS reports. 1 (1): 47–53. PMID 16091223. doi:10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x 
  • Li L, Li HS, Pauza CD; et al. (2006). «Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions». Cell Res. 15 (11-12): 923–34. PMID 16354571. doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290370 
  • Stove V, Verhasselt B (2006). «Modelling thymic HIV-1 Nef effects». Curr. HIV Res. 4 (1): 57–64. PMID 16454711. doi:10.2174/157016206775197583 

Referências

  1. Did Science Miss Its Best Shot at an AIDS Vaccine? For 35 years, researchers have been trying to beat the virus that causes AIDS. For just as long, Burt Dorman has been saying he has a faster way. por Adam Rogers (2018)
  2. Rzepecka, Alicja; Żmigrodzka, Magdalena; Witkowska-Piłaszewicz, Olga; Cywińska, Anna; Winnicka, Anna (3 de julho de 2019). «CD4 and MHCII phenotypic variability of peripheral blood monocytes in dogs». PLoS ONE (7). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6608971Acessível livremente. PMID 31269060. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219214. Consultado em 29 de março de 2021 
  3. a b c d e f g Chan D, Kim P (1998). «HIV entry and its inhibition». Cell. 93 (5): 681–4. PMID 9630213. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81430-0 
  4. a b c d e f Wyatt R, Sodroski J (1998). «The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens». Science. 280 (5371): 1884–8. Bibcode:1998Sci...280.1884W. PMID 9632381. doi:10.1126/science.280.5371.1884 
  5. Arthos J, Cicala C, Martinelli E, Macleod K, Van Ryk D, Wei D, Xiao Z, Veenstra TD, Conrad TP, Lempicki RA, McLaughlin S, Pascuccio M, Gopaul R, McNally J, Cruz CC, Censoplano N, Chung E, Reitano KN, Kottilil S, Goode DJ, Fauci AS (2008). «HIV-1 envelope protein binds to and signals through integrin alpha(4)beta(7), the gut mucosal homing receptor for peripheral T cells». Nature Immunology. In Press (3): 301–9. PMID 18264102. doi:10.1038/ni1566 
  6. a b Pope M, Haase A (2003). «Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection». Nat Med. 9 (7): 847–52. PMID 12835704. doi:10.1038/nm0703-847 
  7. Haedicke, Juliane; Craig (18 de agosto de 2009). «The brain-specific factor FEZ1 is a determinant of neuronal susceptibility to HIV-1 infection». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (em inglês). 106 (33): 14040-14045. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 19667186. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900502106 
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