Pirroloquinolina Quinona

Pirroloquinolina Quinona
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Nome IUPAC Ácido 4,5-dioxo-4,5-di-hidro-1H - pirrolo [2,3 - f ] quinolina-2,7,9-tricarboxílico
Identificadores
Número CAS 72909-34-3
PubChem 1024
ChemSpider 997
KEGG C00113
MeSH PQQ+Cofactor
ChEBI 18315
SMILES
InChI
1/C14H6N2O8/c17-10-4-2-6(14(23)24)15-8(4)7-3(12(19)20)1-5(13(21)22)16-9(7)11(10)18/h1-2,15H,(H,19,20)(H,21,22)(H,23,24)
Propriedades
Fórmula química C14H6N2O8
Massa molar 330.16 g mol-1
Densidade 1.963 g/cm3
Página de dados suplementares
Estrutura e propriedades n, εr, etc.
Dados termodinâmicos Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Dados espectrais UV, IV, RMN, EM
Exceto onde denotado, os dados referem-se a
materiais sob condições normais de temperatura e pressão

Referências e avisos gerais sobre esta caixa.
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A pirroloquinolina quinona (PQQ), também chamada de metoxatina, é um cofator redox e antioxidante.[1] É encontrado no solo e em alimentos como kiwis, bem como no leite materno.[2] As enzimas que contêm PQQ são chamadas de quinoproteínas. A glicose desidrogenase, uma das quinoproteínas, é usada como sensor de glicose. A PQQ estimula o crescimento de bactérias.[3]

História

Foi descoberto por J.G. Hauge como o terceiro cofator redox depois da nicotinamida e da flavina nas bactérias (embora ele tenha levantado a hipótese de que era a naftoquinona).[4] Anthony e Zatman também encontraram o cofator redox desconhecido na álcool desidrogenase. Em 1979, Salisbury e colegas,[5] bem como Duine e colegas,[6] extraíram este grupo protético da metanol desidrogenase de metiltrofos e identificaram sua estrutura molecular. Adachi e colegas descobriram que o PQQ também foi encontrado no Acetobacter.[7]

Biossíntese

Um novo aspecto do PQQ é sua biossíntese em bactérias a partir de um peptídeo precursor traduzido ribossomicamente, PqqA.[8] Um ácido glutâmico e uma tirosina em PqqA são reticulados pela enzima radical SAM PqqE na primeira etapa da modificação de PqqA. Esforços para entender a biossíntese de PQQ contribuíram para o amplo interesse em enzimas de SAM radicais e sua capacidade de modificar proteínas, e uma via dependente de enzima de SAM radical análoga foi encontrada, desde então, que produz a micofactocina transportadora de elétrons putativa, usando uma valina e uma tirosina do peptídeo precursor, MftA.[9]

Controvérsia a respeito do papel como vitamina

A revista científica Nature publicou o artigo de 2003 de Kasahara e Kato que essencialmente afirmava que PQQ era uma nova vitamina, e, em 2005, um artigo de Anthony e Fenton que afirmava que o artigo de Kasahara e Kato de 2003 tirou conclusões incorretas e sem fundamento.[10] Um artigo de Bruce Ames em The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences em 2018 identificou a pirroloquinolina quinona como uma "vitamina para a longevidade" não essencial para a sobrevivência imediata, mas necessária para a saúde a longo prazo.[11]

Veja também

Referências

  1. Wen H, He Y, Zhang K, Yang X, Hao D, Jiang Y, He B. Mini-review: Functions and Action Mechanisms of PQQ in Osteoporosis and Neuro Injury. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020;15(1):32-36. doi:10.2174/1574888X14666181210165539
  2. Drain, Kelsey (12 de fevereiro de 2017). «Natural Antioxidant Could Prevent Liver Disease». msn.com. Consultado em 14 de fevereiro de 2017 
  3. Ameyama M, Matsushita K, Shinagawa E, Hayashi M, Adachi O (1988). «Pyrroloquinoline quinone: excretion by methylotrophs and growth stimulation for microorganisms». BioFactors. 1 (1): 51–3. PMID 2855583 
  4. Hauge JG (1964). «Glucose dehydrogenase of bacterium anitratum: an enzyme with a novel prosthetic group». J Biol Chem. 239: 3630–9. PMID 14257587 
  5. Westerling J, Frank J, Duine JA (1979). «The prosthetic group of methanol dehydrogenase from Hyphomicrobium X: electron spin resonance evidence for a quinone structure». Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 87 (3): 719–24. PMID 222269. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(79)92018-7 
  6. Salisbury SA, Forrest HS, Cruse WB, Kennard O (1979). «A novel coenzyme from bacterial primary alcohol dehydrogenases». Nature. 280 (5725): 843–4. PMID 471057. doi:10.1038/280843a0 
  7. Ameyama M, Matsushita K, Ohno Y, Shinagawa E, Adachi O (1981). «Existence of a novel prosthetic group, PQQ, in membrane-bound, electron transport chain-linked, primary dehydrogenases of oxidative bacteria». FEBS Lett. 130 (2): 179–83. PMID 6793395. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(81)81114-3 
  8. Goosen N, Huinen RG, van de Putte P (1992). «A 24-amino-acid polypeptide is essential for the biosynthesis of the coenzyme pyrrolo-quinoline-quinone.». J Bacteriol. 174 (4): 1426–7. PMC 206443Acessível livremente. PMID 1310505. doi:10.1128/jb.174.4.1426-1427.1992 
  9. Haft DH (2011). «Bioinformatic evidence for a widely distributed, ribosomally produced electron carrier precursor, its maturation proteins, and its nicotinoprotein redox partners.». BMC Genomics. 12. 21 páginas. PMC 3023750Acessível livremente. PMID 21223593. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-12-21 
  10. Felton LM, Anthony C (2005). «Biochemistry: role of PQQ as a mammalian enzyme cofactor?». Nature. 433 (7025): E10; discussion E11–2. PMID 15689995. doi:10.1038/nature03322 
  11. Ames, Bruce (15 de outubro de 2018). «Prolonging healthy aging: Longevity vitamins and proteins». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (43): 10836–10844. PMC 6205492Acessível livremente. PMID 30322941. doi:10.1073/pnas.1809045115 
  12. «L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (Homo sapiens)». BRENDA. Technische Universität Braunschweig. Julho de 2015. Consultado em 18 de julho de 2015 
  13. «Pyrroloquinoline quinone (HMDB13636)». Human Metabolome Database. University of Alberta. Consultado em 19 de julho de 2015. Enzymes containing PQQ are called quinoproteins. PQQ and quinoproteins play a role in the redox metabolism and structural integrity of cells and tissues PubMed. It was reported that aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (AASDH) might also use PQQ as a cofactor, suggesting a possibility that PQQ is a vitamin in mammals. PubMed. 

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