Papiniano

Estátua de Silvio Sbricoli, Palácio da Justiça de Roma

Emílio Papiniano ou Aemilius Papinianus (em grego clássico: Αἰμίλιος Παπινιανός;[1] 142 d.C-212 d.C), simplesmente conhecido como Papiniano foi um jurista romano, magíster libellorum, procurador-geral (advocatus fisci) e, após a morte de Gaius Fulvius Plautianus em 205 d.C., prefeito pretoriano.

Papiniano foi um dos juristas mais reverenciados na Roma antiga, pois os alunos do terceiro ano de direito receberam o título de "Papinianistae" (que significa "aqueles que são dignos de estudar papiniano"). Em sua época, foi chamado de "Guarida do Direito e Tesoureiro das Leis".[2] Junto com Gaio, Ulpiano, Herennius Modestinus e Julius Paulus Prudentissimus, ele foi feito um dos cinco juristas cujas opiniões registradas foram consideradas decisivas pela Lei das Citações de 426 d.C.; seus pontos de vista seriam posteriormente considerados os únicos adequados a serem citados como fontes primárias para o Codex Theodosianus e o Corpus Juris Civilis, desde que as opiniões de Papiniano prevalecessem sempre que as dos outros quatro juristas não fossem congruentes. O jurista francês Jacques Cujas escreveu mais tarde que "nunca houve um grande advogado antes, nem haverá depois dele".[2]

Vida

Papiniano por Laura Gardin Fraser, Câmara dos Representantes dos EUA

Pouco se sabe sobre Papiniano. Ele era sírio de nascimento e natural de Emesa, pois dizem que era parente da segunda esposa de Sétimo Severo, Júlia Domna, que era membro da família real árabe de Emesa.

Uma fonte o mostra como seguidor da casuística de Quintus Cervidius Scaevola,[3] outra mostra que ele foi seu aluno.[2][4] Uma passagem concorrente (mas duvidosa) na história de Augusto afirma que ele estudou direito com Severo sob Scaevola.

Papiniano era um amigo íntimo do imperador Severo e o acompanhou à Grã-Bretanha durante 207 d.C., onde serviu no "fórum de York"[5] em resposta a uma revolta dos escoceses highlanders.[6] Em algum momento foi nomeado procurador-geral (advocatus fisci), mestre de petições (pedidos), magister libellorum, de Severo.[3] Ele também serviu como tesoureiro e capitão da guarda do imperador. Antes da morte do imperador,[2] ele encomendou seus dois filhos Caracalla e Geta aos cuidados do advogado.

Morte

Decapitação do juiz romano Papiniano, 1606

Compartilhar o governo do Império Romano com Geta foi insatisfatório para Caracalla, que decidiu em algum momento usurpar seu irmão. Papiniano, tentando manter a paz entre os irmãos, só provou encorajar o ódio de Caracalla, consequentemente aprovando uma ordem de decapitação do advogado (Spartianus, Caracalla),[2][4][7] e seu corpo arrastado pelas ruas de Roma.[8] Sua morte seguiu-se ao fratricídio de Geta em 212 d.C., entre o massacre geral de seus amigos e daqueles percebidos como associados a ele, de acordo com uma fonte estimada em 20 000 pessoas.[6] O autor do artigo da Encyclopædia Britannica de 1911 afirma que os detalhes da morte de Papiniano "estão relacionados de várias maneiras e sofreram um embelezamento lendário". A morte de Papiniano foi tema de uma peça de Andreas Gryphius (1659).

Trabalhos

Grande parte de sua produção foi perdida, pois o que temos é pequeno se comparado a outros juristas como Ulpiano ou Paulo. As principais obras de Papiniano incluem: Quaestiones em 37 livros (escritos antes de 198 d.C.); dezenove livros[9] de Responsa (escrito em algum momento entre 204 d.C. e sua morte); dois livros,[9] os Definitiones e De adulteriis, e outros trabalhos, o mais curto deles sendo Αστυνόμικος (Cidade-Administração) que era um manual sobre os deveres dos comissários de ruas e pontes.[10]

Referências

  1. Ζαρζαμπίδης, Κωνσταντίνος (2012). Απειρώνυμον (PDF) (em grego). 4. Athens: [s.n.] 
  2. a b c d e Patrick Mac Chombaich de Colquhoun (1849). A summary of the Roman civil law: illustrated by commentaries on and parallels from the Mosaic, Canon, Mohammedan, English and foreign law, with an appendix, map, and general index, Volume 1. [S.l.]: V. and R. Stevens and Sons, 1849. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2012 
  3. a b Charles Phineas Sherman (1922). Roman law in the modern world, Volume 1. [S.l.]: New Haven Law Book Co., 1922. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2012 
  4. a b William Smith (1849). Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Volume 3. [S.l.]: C. C. Little and J. Brown, 1849. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2012 
  5. George Spence; Henry Maddock (1846). The equitable jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery: comprising its rise, progress and final establishment; to which is prefixed, with a view to the elucidation of the main subject, a concise account of the leading doctrines of the common law in regard to civil rights; with an attempt to trace them to their sources; and in which the various alterations made by the legislature down to the present day are noticed, Volume 1. [S.l.]: Lea and Blanchard, 1846 
  6. a b Joseph J. Reed (1862). Outlines of universal history: in three parts; with a copious index to each part, showing the correct mode of pronouncing every name mentioned ... [S.l.]: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1862. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2012 
  7. Hitti, Philip K. (2004). History of Syria: including Lebanon and Palestine. [S.l.]: Gorgias Press LLC. p. 326. ISBN 1-59333-119-3 
  8. Alexander Chalmers. The General Biographical Dictionary: A New Edition. [S.l.]: Nichols, Son and Bentley 1815. Consultado em 8 de abril de 2012 
  9. a b William Alexander Hunter, Gaius. A systematic and historical exposition of Roman law in the order of a code. [S.l.]: Sweet & Maxwell, 1803  Translated by John Ashton Cross (title-subject sourced originally in Pollock & Maitland - The History of English Law, Volume 1)
  10. Charles S. Lobingier|Charles Sumner Lobingier. The Evolution of the Roman Law: From Before the Twelve Tables to the Corpus Juris. [S.l.]: Wm. S. Hein Publishing, 1923 

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