Ocupação genovesa de Rodes

Ocupação genovesa de Rodes
Guerras bizantino-latinas

Ilha de Rodes em azul escuro
Data 12481249/1250
Local Ilha de Rodes
Desfecho Vitória decisiva do Império de Niceia; Genoveses expulsos de Rodes
Beligerantes
Império de Niceia Império de Niceia República de Gênova República de Gênova
Principado de Acaia Principado de Acaia
Comandantes
Império de Niceia João Cantacuzeno
Império de Niceia Teodoro Contostefano
Guilherme II de Vilearduin

A Ocupação genovesa de Rodes foi uma campanha militar que durou de 1248 até o fim de 1249 ou início de 1250 na qual a cidade de Rodes e partes da ilha onde se localizava, vassalos do Império de Niceia, foram ocupadas pelas forças da República de Gênova num ataque surpresa em 1248. Mantida sob controle genovês com a ajuda do Principado da Acaia, a ilha só foi retomada pelos nicenos em 1250.

Contexto

Rodes e as ilhas vizinhas já haviam sido retiradas do controle do governo central bizantino já antes da queda de Constantinopla para a Quarta Cruzada em 1204. Sob o comando do césar Leão Gabalas, a ilha tornou-se a capital de um domínio praticamente independente, embora, por vezes, Gabalas tenha aparentemente reconhecido a suserania do principal estado sucessor bizantino, o Império de Niceia.[1] O irmão e sucessor de Leão, João Gabalas, que ascendeu ao trono no início da década de 1240, foi claramente um monarca muito menos poderoso e é referido apenas como "senhor de Rodes".[2]

Ocupação genovesa e reconquista nicena

Em 1248, quando João Gabalas estava fora da ilha participando de uma campanha nicena contra o Império Latino, os genoveses se aproveitaram e, em ataque surpresa noturno, tomaram a cidade de Rodes, que era a capital, e rapidamente expandiram seu domínio sobre o resto da ilha. O imperador niceno João III Ducas Vatatzes (r. 1221–1254) reagiu rapidamente enviando uma frota à ilha liderada pelo pincerna e duque (doux) do Tema Tracesiano, João Cantacuzeno. Mesmo sem contar com muitos soldados, Cantacuzeno conseguiu recuperar as cidades fortificadas de Lindos e Fileremos (Ialisos). Assim que conseguiu reforços, atacou a capital da ilha e iniciou um cerco aos genoveses.[3][4]

Contudo, a cidade estava bem provisionada e o cerco continuou por todo o inverno de 1248/9 avançando pela primavera. De acordo com o relato de Jorge Acropolita, a cidade estava prestes a cair quando, no início de maio de 1249, Guilherme II de Vilearduin, príncipe da Acaia, desembarcou em Rodes em sua viagem à Terra Santa para se juntar às forças da Oitava Cruzada. Os nicenos tiveram que levantar o cerco e recuar para Fileremos. Guilherme rapidamente fechou um acordo com os genoveses e deixou para trás cem cavaleiros para ajudá-los antes de partir novamente. A situação então se inverteu e os bizantinos foram cercados em Fileremos por terra e pelo mar enquanto os acaianos devastavam a zona rural.[3][4]

Quando o imperador niceno João Vatatzes foi informado, seguiu para Ninfeu (Nymphaion; Kemalpaşa) e ordenou que outra força expedicionária, com 300 cavaleiros, fosse preparada em Esmirna sob o comando de protosebasto Teodoro Contostefano. A chegada dos bizantinos novamente inverteu a situação: as tropas gregas pegaram os acaianos de surpresa, atacando-os quando estavam ocupados pilhando, matando-os todos. Os genoveses fugiram novamente para Rodes, mas não conseguiram resistir a outro cerco e, no final de 1249 ou no início do ano seguinte, concordaram em render a cidade em troca de sua segurança[3][4]

Depois da expulsão dos genoveses, Rodes foi incorporada ao Império de Niceia, encerrando o domínio da família Gabalas. Por volta de 1256, o governo da ilha foi entregue a João Paleólogo, irmão caçula do futuro imperador bizantino Miguel VIII Paleólogo (r. 1259–1282).[2][5]

Referências

  1. Macrides 2007, p. 185, 187–188.
  2. a b Hendy 1999b, p. 648–649.
  3. a b c Hendy 1999a, pp. 116–117.
  4. a b c Macrides 2007, p. 246–249.
  5. Macrides 2007, p. 350.

Bibliografia

  • Hendy, Michael F. (1999a). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Volume 4: Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081–1261 – Part 1: Alexius I to Alexius V (1081–1204) (em inglês). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-233-1 
  • Hendy, Michael F. (1999b). Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection, Volume 4: Alexius I to Michael VIII, 1081–1261 – Part 2: The Emperors of Nicaea and Their Contemporaries (1204–1261) (em inglês). Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 0-88402-233-1 
  • Macrides, Ruth (2007). George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1 

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