Marca (território)

 Nota: Não confundir com Marco de fronteira.

Marca ou Marquesado, desde a Idade Média, era um território fronteiriço cedido a um nobre que tinha como obrigação proteger o reino de ataques. As marcas foram criadas no Império Carolíngio e eram cedidas para os condes,[1] que recebiam o título de marqueses (em latim: marchiones), que hoje é um título nobiliárquico próprio classificado abaixo do conde e do duque. Por essa associação, no alemão, o marquês é chamado markgraf ("conde da marca"). Além disso, considerando que a autoridade do marquês não era menor que a de um duque, a mesma língua criou o termo ocasionalmente usado de markherzog ("duque da marca").[2] Os marqueses recebiam territórios diretamente do rei, e diferente dos demais condes, que são distinguidos no alemão como landgraf ("conde da terra"), tinham poderes adicionais para melhor agirem durante uma invasão. Dentre os seus direitos, estava o de criar castelos e fortificações sem autorização prévia do rei, bem como podia ter mais vassalos que estavam diretamente sob sua autoridade e convocá-los à defesa da marca.[3]

Sob Carlos Magno (r. 768–814), várias marcas foram criadas. A Marca Hispânica que compreendia os territórios carolíngios entre os Pirenéus e o rio Ebro e que faziam divisa com o Emirado de Córdova do Alandalus;[4] A Marca Sorábia ou Eslava, criada por volta de 780 para proteger a área ao sul da cordilheira de Harz e ao longo do rio Saale contra os sorábios e que foi integrada à anterior Marca de Germar;[5] a Marca Danesa, que integrou os danos no território imperial; a Marca da Francônia, que estava perto da Marca Sorábia; e a Marca Ávara, para proteger contra ataques dos ávaros na antiga Panônia.[6]

Etimologia

A palavra marca vem do latim marca,[7] que por sua vez é uma latinização de marka, que é oriunda das línguas sueva e gótica;[8] o dicionário Aulete alega que veio diretamente do suevo.[9] Noutras línguas germânicas aparece de forma semelhante: no inglês antigo mearc (saxão ocidental) e merc (mércio); no protogermânico *marko; no nórdico antigo merki; no holandês merk; no frísio antigo merke; no alemão mark. Todas, por sua vez, derivaram do protoindo-europeu *mereg-, como visível pelo irlandês antigo mruig. O latim ainda tem o termo sinônimo margo.[10]

Marcas

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Fichtenau 1978, p. 109.
  2. ↑ Editores 1998.
  3. ↑ Pavlac 2019, p. 157-158.
  4. ↑ Sholod 1966, p. 44.
  5. ↑ Bachrach 2013, p. 645.
  6. ↑ Pavlac 2019, p. 158.
  7. ↑ Michaelis.
  8. ↑ Green 2000, p. 192.
  9. ↑ Aulete.
  10. ↑ Thorup 2010, p. 174.

Bibliografia

  • «Marca». Aulete 
  • Bachrach, Bernard (2013). Charlemagne's Early Campaigns (768-777): A Diplomatic and Military Analysis. Leida: BRILL 
  • Editores (1998). «Marquess». Britânica Online 
  • Fichtenau, Heinrich (1978). The Carolingian Empire. Toronto: Imprensa da Universidade de Toronto 
  • Green, D. H. (2000). Language and History in the Early Germanic World. Cambrígia: Imprensa da Universidade de Cambrígia 
  • «Marca». Michaelis 
  • Pavlac, Brian A.; Lott, Elizabeth S. (2019). The Holy Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Bárbara, Califórnia: ABC-CLIO 
  • Sholod, Barton (1966). Charlemagne in Spain: The Cultural Legacy of Roncesvalles. Genebra: Librairie Droz 
  • Thorup, Mikkel (2010). An Intellectual History of Terror: War, Violence and the State. Londres e Nova Iorque: Routledge 

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