Lócus (genética)

Cromossomo.
(1) Cromátide
(2) Centrômero
(3) Braço curto (p)
(4) Braço (q) longo
Exemplos de bandas.

Em genética, lócus[1] (em latim: locus; lit. "lugar"; pl. loci) é uma posição fixa e específica em um cromossomo, onde está localizado determinado gene ou marcador genético.[2] Cada cromossomo carrega muitos genes, com cada gene ocupando uma posição ou locus diferente.

Os genes podem possuir múltiplas variantes conhecidas como alelos, e também pode-se dizer que um alelo reside em um determinado locus.[3] Células diploides e poliploides cujos cromossomos têm o mesmo alelo em um determinado locus são chamadas de homozigotas em relação a esse locus, enquanto aquelas que possuem alelos diferentes em um determinado locus são chamadas de heterozigotas. A lista organizada de loci conhecidos para um determinado genoma é chamada de mapa genético. O mapeamento genético é o processo de determinação do lócus ou loci específico para um determinado fenótipo.[4]

Nomenclatura

O braço mais curto de um cromossomo é denominado braço p, enquanto o braço mais longo é o braço q. O locus cromossômico de um gene típico, por exemplo, pode ser escrito 3p22.1, onde:

  • 3 = cromossomo 3
  • p = p-braço
  • 22 = região 2, banda 2 (leia como "dois, dois", não "vinte e dois")
  • 1 = sub-banda 1

Assim, todo o locus do exemplo acima seria lido como "três P dois dois ponto um". As bandas citogenéticas são áreas do cromossomo ricas em DNA transcrito ativamente (eucromatina) ou DNA empacotado (heterocromatina). Eles aparecem de forma diferente na coloração (por exemplo, a eucromatina parece branca e a heterocromatina parece preta na corante de Giemsa). Eles são contados a partir do centrômero em direção aos telômeros.

Componente Explicação
6 Número do cromossomo.
p Encontra-se no braço curto do cromossomo (p para petit em francês); q (q de queue = cauda em francês) indica o braço longo.
21.3 O número seguinte representa a posição no braço: terceira sub-banda (3), da primeira banda (1), da segunda região (2) do braço curto (p) do cromossomo 6 (6). As bandas são visíveis ao microscópio quando o cromossomo está devidamente corado. Cada banda é numerada sendo a número 1 a mais próxima do centrômero. Sub-bandas e sub-sub-bandas são visíveis a resoluções mais altas.

Um intervalo de loci é especificado de maneira semelhante. Por exemplo, o locus do gene OCA1 pode ser escrito "11q1.4-q2.1", o que significa que está no braço longo do cromossomo 11, em algum lugar na faixa da sub-banda 4 da região 1 à sub-banda 1 de região 2.

Os telômeros dos cromossomos são representados por "ptel" "qtel", assim, "2qtel" designa o lócus encontrado no telômero do braço longo do cromossomo 2.

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ S.A, Priberam Informática. «lócus». Dicionário Priberam. Consultado em 6 de abril de 2023 
  2. ↑ Wood, E.J. (1995). The encyclopedia of molecular biology. 23. Biochemical Education. p. 1165. doi:10.1016/0307-4412(95)90659-2 
  3. ↑ Strachan, Tom; Read, Andrew (1 out 2016). Genética Molecular Humana 4 ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed Editora. p. 726. ISBN 9788565852593 
  4. ↑ Nussbaum, Robert L.; McInnes, Roderick R.; Wilard, Huntington F. Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine 8 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 178–187. ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3 

Bibliografia

  • Klug, W. S., et al, Conceitos de Genética, 9ª ed. Artmed Editora, 2009. ISBN 9788536322148

Ligações externas

Wikcionário
Wikcionário
O Wikcionário tem o verbete locus.
Commons
Commons
O Commons possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Lócus (genética)
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