Língua temne

timené

ˌtˑeˈmnɛ

Outros nomes:themne, timne
Falado(a) em: Serra Leoa Serra Leoa
Total de falantes: 1 200 000 (1989).
Família: Nigero-congolesa
 Atlântico-Congo
  Atlântico
   Mel
    timené
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: tem
ISO 639-3: tem

O temne[1] (também timne ou timmanee) é uma língua nigero-congolesa da subfamília atlântica falada em Serra Leoa por aproximadamente 2 milhões de falantes, mais de 30% da população desse país. O temne também é língua franca de 1 500 000 pessoas vivendo em áreas próximas ao território dos temnes.

O temne é uma língua tonal, sendo uma das línguas indígenas mais faladas em Serra Leoa. O temne está relacionado às línguas baga, faladas na Guiné e ao sherbro falado em Serra Leoa. Os falantes do temne vivem em sua maioria no na Província do Norte e oeste de Serra Leoa (área de Freetown), os falantes do temne também podem ser encontrados nos 12 distritos de Serra Leoa. Também há temnes em diversos outros países da África Ocidental, como a Guiné e a Gâmbia. Alguns temnes também migraram para o Reino Unido, Estados Unidos e Egito. Muitos dos temnes são educados; pessoas de negócios, fazendeiros e pescadores na costa; o islamismo é a religião dominante.

Fonologia

O temne é uma língua tonal com quatro tons. Entre as consoantes, timené distingue consoantes dentais e alveolares, mas, de forma incomum, as consoantes dentárias são apicais e as alveolares são laminais (e ligeiramente africadas]), o oposto do padrão geral, embora se encontre também na língua próxima Limba.[2][3]

Consoantes

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glotal
Plosiva Lênis p t̪ (~θ) t k
Fortis b d
Fricativa f s h
Africada gb
Nasal m n ŋ
Vibrante r
Lateral l
Aproximante w j

th pode ser pronunciada como [t̪] ou [θ].

Vogais

Temne - carta de vogais[4]
Anterior Média Posterior
Fechada i u
Meio fechada e ə o
Meio aberta ɛ ʌ ɔ
Aberta a

Escrita

O alfabeto temne inclui as seguintes letras e dígrafos:[2]

a ʌ b d e ɛ ə f gb h i k l m n ŋ o ɔ p r s t th u w
A Ʌ B D E Ɛ Ə F Gb H I K L M N Ŋ O Ɔ P R S T Th U W

Earlier, Ȧȧ was used instead of Ʌʌ

Amostra de texto

A kom aŋfəm akəpet bɛ ŋa athənånɛ yi råwankom. Ɔwa aŋ ba məmari məthənånɛ. Ɔwa aŋ ba məfith yi təchemp. Chiyaŋ, aŋ yi təkə gbasi aŋkos ŋaŋ mɔ kəpa ŋa təkom.

Tradução

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e direitos. Eles são dotados de razão e consciência e devem agir uns em relação aos outros em um espírito de fraternidade (artigo 1 da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos)

Referências

  1. UNESCO (2010). Joseph Ki-Zerbo, ed. História Geral da África – Vol. I – Metodologia e pré‐história da África. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 252 
  2. a b Peace Corps, 1987, Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual.
  3. «Temne words and phrases». VSLTravel. Consultado em 28 de fevereiro de 2017 
  4. Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010). «Temne». Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (2): 249. doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X 

Bibliografia

  • Bai-Sharka, Abou (1986) Temne names and proverbs (Stories and songs from Sierra Leone vol. 19). Freetown: People’s Educational Association of Sierra Leone.
  • Kamarah, Sheikh Umarr (2007) A descriptive grammar of KʌThemnɛ (Temne). Munich: Lincom Europa.
  • Peace Corps (1987) Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual. Washington, DC: Peace Corps.
  • Turay, Abdul Karim (1989) Temne stories. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
  • Wilson, W.A.A. (1961) An outline of the Temne language. London: University of London / SOAS.
  • Yillah, M. Sorie (1992) Temne phonology and morphology [Unpublished thesis. New York: City University of New York]. Ann Arbor: UMI.
  • Elba, All. A. (1905) The second Reader: Temne and English. London: Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
  • Schlenker, C.F. (1864) Grammar of the Temne language. London.
  • Schlenker, C.F. (1861) A collection of Temne traditions, fables and proverbs. London.
  • Schlenker, C.F. (1880) An English-Temne dictionary. London.
  • Scott, J.P.L. (1956) An introduction to Temne grammar. Sierra Leone: [s.n.].

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