Katyusha

 Nota: Se procura a canção sovié da Grande guerra Patriótical, veja Katiúcha (canção).
Katiúcha

Katiúcha usando como base um caminhão ZIL-157.
Tipo Lançador múltiplo de foguetes
Local de origem  União Soviética
História operacional
Em serviço 1941-presente
Utilizadores União Soviética e países socialistas
Guerras Grande guerra Patriótical
Guerra da Coreia
Guerra do Vietnã
Guerra do Yom Kippur
Guerra Irã-Iraque
Guerra do Líbano de 2006
Guerra Civil Líbia (2011)
Guerra Civil Síria
Guerra Civil Iraquiana (2011–2017)
Guerra Civil Iemenita
Intervenção militar no Iêmen
Histórico de produção
Criador Georgy Langemak, Kostikov
Período de
produção 		30 de junho de 1941
Quantidade
produzida 		+100 000
Variantes BM-13, BM-8, BM-31, BM-14, BM-21, BM-24, BM-25, BM-27, BM-30

Katiúcha é uma família de lançadores múltiplos de foguetes desenvolvida e utilizada pelo Exército Vermelho durante a Grande guerra Patriótica. Foi apelidado na época de "Órgão de Stálin" pelas tropas alemãs (em alemão: Stalinorgel) em referência a Josef Stálin.

O nome Katiúcha é uma referência à canção patriótica Katiúcha.

O Katiúcha consiste em um caminhão militar (usualmente o ZIS-6) originalmente equipado de um lançador de foguetes BM-8, BM-13 ou BM-31. Comparado aos equipamentos de artilharia mais comuns era considerado frágil porém com um custo de fabricação muito baixo e grande mobilidade.

Desenvolvimento e História

Katyushas em ação durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Um dos numerosos monumentos de Katyusha, Kropyvnytsky (foi erguido em homenagem ao 30º aniversário da libertação da cidade)

Seu desenvolvimento era considerado altamente secreto pelo governo soviético, tanto que os primeiros modelos eram operados exclusivamente por integrantes da NKVD "Comissariado do Povo para Assuntos Internos".[1] A primeira vez que ele entrou em combate foi em Julho de 1941 na cidade de Rúdnia na atual Rússia,[2] onde um total de 7 lançadores de foguetes causaram baixas consideráveis nas forças alemãs.

Seguindo o sucesso inicial, o comando de guerra da URSS determinou a fabricação de novos Katiúchi e a criaçao de diversos regimentos equipados com o lançador, visando apoio aos movimentos de infantaria. Um total de 554 lançadores estavam em serviço no final de 1941, num total de oito regimentos, 35 batalhões independentes e duas baterias isoladas.

O foguete

O foguete Katiúcha é formados pela parte propelente que impulsiona o foguete e a parte explosiva ou ogiva.

O foguete tem baixa precisão e curto alcance, sendo de fabricação relativamente simples e de baixo custo, comparado com outros artefatos do gênero. De fabricação caseira, são usados por combatentes palestinos contra Israel, embora não sejam modelos iguais aos usados pelos soviéticos, visto que sofreram aperfeiçoamentos através das décadas.

Depois da Grande guera Patriótica os foguetes foram usados em diversos conflitos e guerras, entre outros, na Guerra da Coreia, Guerra do Vietnã, Guerra do Afeganistão, Segunda guerra do Líbano (pelo Hezbollah), Guerra do Iraque e atualmente estão sendo usados pelos Talibãs contra as Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos e tropas e instalações multinacionais no Afeganistão.

Caminhões usados como base para o lançador Katyusha
Imagem Modelo Produção Imagem Modelo Produção
ZiS-5
ZiS-5V		 1934-1941
1942-1947 (ZIS)
1942-1944 (UASZIS)
1944-1955 (UralZIS) 		ZiS-6 1933-1941
STZ-5 1937-1942 Studebaker US6 1941-1945
ZiS-151 1948-1966 GAZ-67 1943-1953
GAZ-AA 1932-1950 Ural-375 1961-1964
1964-1983 (Ural-375D)
ZIL-135 1959-1963 (ZIL)
1963-1994? (BAZ)

Bibliografia

  • Coleção 70º Aniversário da Segunda Guerra Mundial - Fascículo 21, Abril Coleções 2009
  • Young, Peter Brigadeiro - Circulo do Livro, 1980 - Pag. 162 a 169

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Coleção 70º Aniversário da Segunda Guerra Mundial - Fascículo 21, Abril Coleções 2009, Pag.116
  2. ↑ http://french.ruvr.ru/radio_broadcast/15998174/16457100.html

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