José Guadalupe Posada

José Guadalupe Posada
José Guadalupe Posada
À direita, Posada em frente à sua gráfica em 1900
Nascimento 2 de fevereiro de 1852
Aguascalientes (Segunda República Federal do México)
Morte 20 de janeiro de 1913 (60 anos)
Cidade do México
Sepultamento Panteón de Dolores
Cidadania México
Ocupação caricaturista, ilustrador, pintor, gravador, artista gráfico

José Guadalupe Posada, (Aguascalientes, 2 de fevereiro de 1852 - Cidade do México, 20 de janeiro de 1913), foi um litógrafo político mexicano que usou a impressão em relevo para produzir ilustrações populares. Seu trabalho influenciou vários artistas e cartunistas latino-americanos por causa de sua agudeza satírica e engajamento social. Ele usou crânios, calaveras e ossos para transmitir críticas políticas e culturais. Entre suas obras mais duradouras está La Calavera Catrina.[1]

Desde a eclosão da Revolução Mexicana em 1910 até sua morte em 1913, Posada trabalhou incansavelmente na imprensa. As obras que concluiu na sua editora nesta época permitiram-lhe desenvolver as suas proezas artísticas como desenhista, gravador e litógrafo. Na época, ele continuou a fazer ilustrações satíricas e desenhos animados para a revista El Jicote. Teve papel fundamental para o governo durante a presidência de Francisco I. Madero e durante a campanha de Emiliano Zapata.[2]

O Dia dos Mortos é geralmente celebrado no centro e no sul do México durante os dias frios de 1 e 2 de novembro

Legado

O famoso mural " Domingo à Tarde no Parque Alameda " de Rivera (1946-1947), mostrando Posada em uma paródia de traje burguês.[3]

Os acadêmicos estimam que, durante sua longa carreira, Posada produziu mais de 20 000 imagens para jornais, panfletos e livrinho.[4] Posada foi estudada por figuras-chave do muralismo mexicano. Artistas murais inspirados em Posada, como Diego Rivera e José Clemente Orozco, atendiam a uma elite mexicana que rejeitava estilos estrangeiros como parte de seu recém-descoberto gosto burguês.[5]

Na década de 1920, o publicitário Jean Charlot, dos Estados Unidos e do México, popularizou os ataques de Posada. Em 1929, o livro de Anita Brenner, Idols Behind Altars, usou ilustrações de Posada. Brenner chamou Posada de profeta e o ligou aos mexicas, camponeses e operários.[5] A autora norte-americana Frances Toor promoveu Posada como folclore com seu livro de 1930 Posada: Grabador Mexicano, a primeira monografia sobre Posada.[6] Rivera comentou sobre 406 gravuras de Posada no prefácio do livro.[3]

Quando Leopoldo Méndez voltou dos programas de Missões Culturais da Secretaria Mexicana de Educação Pública em Jalisco, Méndez conheceu as gravuras de Posada e o adotou como herói artístico e cultural. Um dos últimos projetos de Méndez foi um estudo de Posada, onde Méndez reproduziu mais de 900 ilustrações de Posada.[7]

O esqueleto do editor do povo (Antonio Vanegas Arroyo)

Referências

  1. ↑ Rafael Barajas (2009). Myth and mitote: the political caricature of Jose Guadalupe Posada and Manuel Alfonso Manila. Fondo de Cultura Economica. p. 37. ISBN 9786071600752.
  2. ↑ «José Guadalupe Posada». Wikipedia (em inglês). 19 de dezembro de 2020. Consultado em 21 de janeiro de 2021 
  3. ↑ a b Stanley Brandes (2009). Skulls to the Living, Bread to the Dead: The Day of the Dead in Mexico and Beyond. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. 62 páginas. ISBN 9781405178709 
  4. ↑ Carlos Francisco Jackson (2009). Chicana and Chicano Art: ProtestArte. [S.l.]: University of Arizona Press. 29 páginas. ISBN 9780816526475 
  5. ↑ a b Eric Zolov (2015). Iconic Mexico: An Encyclopedia from Acapulco to Zócalo [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia from Acapulco to Zócalo. [S.l.]: ABC-CLIO. 486 páginas. ISBN 9781610690447 
  6. ↑ Miliotes, Diane Helen (2006). José Guadalupe Posada and the Mexican broadside = José Guadalupe Posada y la hoja volante mexicana. Posada, José Guadalupe, 1852-1913., Art Institute of Chicago. 1st ed. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. 5 páginas. ISBN 0-300-12137-7. OCLC 70876918 
  7. ↑ Deborah Caplow (2007). Leopoldo Méndez: Revolutionary Art and the Mexican Print. [S.l.]: University of Texas Press. 27 páginas. ISBN 9780292712508 


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