Gubernia

Brasões de armas das gubernias do Império Russo (1890-1907).

Governadoria, gubernia, província ou governo (russo: губе́рния; IPA: [ɡʊˈbʲɛrnʲɪjə], também romanizada guberniia, guberniya; em ucraniano: губернія, transl. huberniia), foi uma importante e principal subdivisão administrativa do Império Russo.[1][2] Depois do desmantelamento do império pela revolução, permaneceram como subdivisões na Bielorrússia, na República Russa, na Ucrânia e na União Soviética desde sua formação até 1929. Era chefiado por um governador (губернатор), uma palavra emprestada do latim gubernator, por sua vez do grego κυβερνήτης.[1]

As gubernias selecionadas foram unidas sob um governador geral designado, como o Grão-Ducado da Finlândia, a Polônia do Congresso, o Turquestão Russo e outros.[2][3][4] Também havia governadores militares como Kronstadt, Vladivostoque e outros. Além das gubernias, outros tipos de divisões eram oblasts (região) e okrugs (distrito).[2][4]

Gubernias da Polônia e Finlândia

Subdivisões do Império Russo em 1897 (gubernias)
Ver artigos principais: Gubernias do Grão-Ducado da Finlândia e Divisão administrativa do Congresso da Polônia

O sistema de governadoria (russo: губе́рния, polonês: gubernia, sueco: län, finlandês: lääni) também foi aplicado às subdivisões do Reino da Polônia ("Polônia russa") e do Grão-Ducado da Finlândia.[1][4]

Gubenias da Ucrânia

Gubernias da RSS da Ucrânia (1921)

O Império Russo colonizou grande parte do território habitado por ucranianos no início do século XIX, que foi organizado em nove gubernias ucranianas: Chernigov (Chernihiv), Yekaterinoslav (Katerynoslav), Kiev (Kyiv), Carcóvia (Kharkiv), Kherson, Podólia (Podillia), Poltava, Volínia (Volyn), e a parte continental de Táurida (ou Tavriia, sem a península da Crimeia). Outras terras anexadas da Polônia em 1815 foram organizadas na Gubernia de Colme em 1912.[2][5]

Após a Revolução de 1917, essas gubernias tornaram-se subdivisões da República Popular da Ucrânia, que também anexou partes habitadas pela Ucrânia das gubernias de Mahilioŭ, Kursk, Voronej e Minsk em 1918.[5][6] No final da Guerra Soviético-Ucraniana em 1920, os soviéticos as tornaram parte da RSS ucraniana.[6] A Ucrânia soviética foi reorganizada em doze gubernias, que foram reduzidas a nove em 1922, e depois substituídas por okruhas em 1925.[5]

Ver também

O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Gubernia

Referências

  1. ↑ a b c «ЭСБЕ/Губерния — Викитека». ru.wikisource.org (em russo). Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2022 
  2. ↑ a b c d Lysenko, L. M. (2001). Gubernatory i general-gubernatory Rossiĭskoĭ imperii : XVIII-nachalo XX veka Izd. 2-e, ispr. i dop ed. Moskva: Izd-vo MPGU. OCLC 50659980 
  3. ↑ «Русский архипелаг - Генерал-губернаторство в системе местного управления России». web.archive.org. 14 de dezembro de 2010. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2022 
  4. ↑ a b c «Историческая эволюция административно-территориального и политического деления России». www.demoscope.ru. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2022 
  5. ↑ a b c Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2005). «Administrative Divisions of Ukraine». Historical dictionary of Ukraine. Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5387-6. OCLC 57002343 
  6. ↑ a b Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr (2016). International law in the relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Kyiv: Ukrainian Association of International Law. pp. 54, 60. ISBN 978-617-684-146-3. OCLC 973559701 

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