Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça

As Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça ou Forças de Guarda de Fronteira (birmanês: နယ်ခြားစောင့်တပ်; em inglês: Border Guard Forces, abreviado BGF) são subdivisões do Tatmadaw (Forças Armadas de Mianmar) consistindo de antigos grupos insurgentes em Mianmar sob a instrução de Comandos Militares Regionais. O governo anunciou o seu plano de criar Forças de Guarda de Fronteira em Abril de 2009, na esperança de pôr fim às hostilidades entre o governo e os grupos insurgentes que antecederam as eleições gerais de 2010.

História

Em 2008, a nova constituição tornou obrigatório que grupos insurgentes fizessem a transição para uma Força da Guarda Fronteiriça antes que o governo concordasse em se envolver em negociações de paz.[1] Após o anúncio do governo sobre as Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça, o mesmo estabeleceu um prazo para que todos os grupos insurgentes fizessem a transição, e que todos os acordos de cessar-fogo antes do prazo se tornariam "nulos e sem efeito". O prazo foi originalmente definido para junho de 2009, mas foi adiado cinco vezes até setembro de 2010.[2][3]

Em abril de 2009, o tenente-general Ye Myint liderou uma comitiva governamental para se reunir com os grupos insurgentes Kokangs, Xãs e Was, para discutir planos para criar "segurança coletiva" formada por grupos insurgentes e sob o comando do Tatmadaw, o que acabaria por levar à criação das Forças de Guarda de Fronteira.[4] Em 2009, quatro dos grupos insurgentes, o Exército Democrático Budista dos Karen, o Exército de Defesa Kachin, o Novo Exército Democrático - Kachin (NDA-K) e o Exército/Organização Nacional Pa-O (PNO/A), aceitaram os termos do plano de transição e se transformaram em grupos Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça.[5]

Em 20 de agosto de 2009, soldados do Tatmadaw e grupos recém transferidos para as Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça reuniram-se fora da cidade de Laukkai, Kokang, em preparação para uma tentativa de recapturar a cidade do Exército da Aliança Democrática Nacional de Mianmar (MNDAA), depois de se terem recusado a transformar-se numa Força da Guarda Fronteiriça.[6][7]

Em 2010, um poderoso comandante do DKBA, Saw Chit Thu, aceitou as exigências do governo mianmarense para se transformar na Força de Guarda de Fronteira, sob o comando do Tatmadaw e servindo como líder.[8]

O governo mudaria sua postura agressiva em relação as Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça e cessar-fogo em 18 de agosto de 2011, quando o então presidente de Mianmar, Thein Sein, prometeu "tornar a questão étnica uma prioridade nacional" ao oferecer um diálogo aberto entre o governo e todos os grupos insurgentes, sem a exigência da Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça.[2]

Estrutura

Não existem diretrizes governamentais oficiais relativas as Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça, mas existem linhas na constituição birmanesa que as fazem referência.[9] As seguintes são regras de facto definidas pelo Tatmadaw na criação das Forças de Guarda de Fronteira:[2][4]

  • Forças da Guarda Fronteiriça podem operar somente na área que lhes é designada pelo governo
  • Todos os membros de uma Força da Guarda Fronteiriça devem receber o mesmo salário de um soldado regular no Tatmadaw
  • Cada Força da Guarda Fronteiriça deve ter exatamente 326 membros, 30 dos quais devem ser soldados regulares do Tatmadaw
  • Posições administrativas importantes devem ser ocupadas somente por soldados do Tatmadaw

Referências

  1. ↑ «Border guard plan could fuel ethnic conflict». IRIN. 29 de novembro de 2010. Cópia arquivada em 3 de março de 2016 
  2. ↑ a b c «Border Guard Force Scheme». www.mmpeacemonitor.org. Myanmar Peace Monitor. 11 de janeiro de 2013. Cópia arquivada em 15 de maio de 2016 
  3. ↑ McCartan, Brian (30 de Abril de 2010). «Myanmar ceasefires on a tripwire». Asia Times. Arquivado do original em 1 de Maio de 2010 
  4. ↑ a b Wai Moe (31 de agosto de 2009). «Border Guard Force Plan Leads to End of Ceasefire». The Irrawaddy. Arquivado do original em 2 de março de 2011 
  5. ↑ «NDF Report on Ceasefire Groups Resisting SPDC's Pressure and Instability» (PDF). National Democratic Front (Burma). Mae Sot, Thailand. 7 de março de 2010. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 4 de março de 2016 
  6. ↑ «Tension sparks people to flee into China». Shan Herald. 24 de agosto de 2009. Arquivado do original em 2 de setembro de 2009 
  7. ↑ Dittmer, Lowell (30 de setembro de 2010). Burma Or Myanmar? the Struggle for National Identity. [S.l.]: World Scientific. ISBN 9789814313643 
  8. ↑ «Kayin State BGF officers and others collectively resign». Eleven Media Group (em inglês). 16 de janeiro de 2021. Cópia arquivada em 29 de setembro de 2022 
  9. ↑ 2008 Constitution of Myanmar p. 5, 79, and 155

Read other articles:

C. Robert Cargill

American writer C. Robert CargillCargill at Fantastic Fest 2009BornChristopher Robert Cargill (1975-09-08) September 8, 1975 (age 48)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.Occupations Screenwriter Novelist Podcast Host Christopher Robert Cargill (born September 8, 1975) is an American screenwriter, novelist, podcast host, and former film critic known under the pseudonyms Massawyrm (on Ain't It Cool News) and Carlyle (on Spill.com). Cargill currently resides in Austin, Texas with his wife.[1] He...

 

Admission (film)

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Admissions (film). AdmissionTheatrical release posterSutradaraPaul WeitzProduserPaul WeitzKerry Kohansky-RobertsAndrew MianoSkenarioKaren CronerBerdasarkanAdmissionoleh Jean Hanff KorelitzPemeran Tina Fey Paul Rudd Penata musikStephen TraskSinematograferDeclan QuinnPenyuntingJoan SobelPerusahaanproduksiDepth of FieldDistributorFocus FeaturesTanggal rilis 22 Maret 2013 (2013-03-22) Durasi108 minutes[1]NegaraUnited StatesBahasaEnglishAnggaran$13 mil...

 

Saïd Taghmaoui

Saïd TaghmaouiTaghmaoui di Paris pada pemutaran perdana American Hustle di Prancis pada tahun 2014Lahir19 Juli 1973 (umur 50)Villepinte, Seine-Saint-Denis, PrancisWarga negaraPrancis, Amerika Serikat[1]PekerjaanAktor, penulis skenarioTahun aktif1994–sekarangKota asalAulnay-sous-Bois, Paris, Prancis Saïd Taghmaoui (lahir 19 Juli 1973) adalah aktor Prancis-Amerika dan penulis skenario. Salah satu peran layar utamanya adalah Saïd di tahun 1995 Film prancis La Haine, ...

العلاقات الكاميرونية السريلانكية

العلاقات الكاميرونية السريلانكية الكاميرون سريلانكا   الكاميرون   سريلانكا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات الكاميرونية السريلانكية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين الكاميرون وسريلانكا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجع...

 

Identitarian movement

European far-right political movement Not to be confused with Identity politics. Lambda, the symbol of the Identitarian movement used primarily in Europe by Generation Identity and occasionally other countries, inspired by the Spartan shields in the movie 300 during the Battle of Thermopylae[1][2] The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European, ethno-nationalist,[3][4][5] far-right[6][7][5] political ideology asse...

 

Superman (1992 video game)

This article is about the Genesis video game. For the cancelled NES game by Sunsoft, see Sunman (video game). For other Superman video games, see List of Superman video games. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Superman 1992 video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October ...

Walter Goodman (critic)

American journalist Walter GoodmanBorn1927The Bronx, New York, U.S.Died2002 (aged 74–75)Valhalla, New York, U.S.LanguageEnglishGenretelevision criticism, journalism Walter Goodman (1927–2002) was an American author and journalist for The New York Times and worked as the newspaper's television critic concentrating on news and documentaries. His book The Committee (1968) chronicled the House Un-American Activities Committee.[1] Background and career Walter Goodman was born ...

 

Embraer Phenom 100

Very light business jet For other uses of Phenom, see Phenom (disambiguation). EMB-500 Phenom 100 Phenom 100 with gear and flaps deployed Role Very light business jetType of aircraft Manufacturer Embraer First flight 26 July 2007[1] Status In service Produced December 2008–present Number built 401 (as of 26 April 2023[update]) Variants Embraer Phenom 300 The Embraer EMB-500 Phenom 100 is a very light (VLJ) business jet designed and produced by the Brazilian aircraf...

 

Auge-Saint-Médard

Auge-Saint-MédardcomuneAuge-Saint-Médard – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia Regione Nuova Aquitania Dipartimento Charente ArrondissementCognac CantoneVal de Nouère TerritorioCoordinate45°50′53″N 0°05′05″W / 45.848056°N 0.084722°W45.848056; -0.084722 (Auge-Saint-Médard)Coordinate: 45°50′53″N 0°05′05″W / 45.848056°N 0.084722°W45.848056; -0.084722 (Auge-Saint-Médard) Altitudine92 m s.l.m. Superficie9,19...

Konkordat Worms

Akta Imperial (Heinricianum) dari Konkordat Worms, yang dikeluarkan pada 23 September 1122 (Vatican City, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, A. A., Arm I-XVIII, 62.) Konkordat Worms yaitu suatu perjanjian yang dicapai antara Paus Kallistus II dan Kaisar Heinrich V dalam sertifikat kepausan (Pactum Calixtinum) dan Akta Imperial (Heinricianum) melalui mediasi pangeran Jerman, pada tanggal 23 September 1122, di kota Worms, Jerman. Perjanjian ini mengakhiri Kontroversi Penobatan antara gereja dan negara ...

 

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Prabumulih

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota PrabumulihDewan Perwakilan RakyatKota Prabumulih2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral SejarahSesi baru dimulai27 September 2019PimpinanKetuaSutarno, S.E. (Golkar) sejak 2 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IH. Ahmad Palo, S.E. (PPP) sejak 2 Oktober 2019 Wakil Ketua IIIr. Dipe Anom (PDI-P) sejak 2 Oktober 2019 KomposisiAnggota25Partai & kursi  PDI-P (3)   NasDem (1)   Hanura (3)   Demokrat (1)   PAN (3)  &...

 

Juan Luis Barrios

Mexican runner (born 1983) Juan Luis BarriosBarrios at the 2015 Pan American GamesPersonal informationFull nameJuan Luis Barrios NievesBorn (1983-06-24) June 24, 1983 (age 40)Mexico City, Mexico[1]Height1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)Weight65 kg (143 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent800 m – marathon Medal record Representing  Mexico Pan American Games 2011 Guadalajara 5,000 m 2015 Toronto 5,000 m 2007 Rio de Janeiro 1500 m 2007 Rio de Janeiro 5,000 m 2015 Toront...

Sukhoi Su-34

Sukhoi Su-34Sukhoi Su-34 di pameran udara MAKS-2015TipePesawat tempur pengebom, pesawat serangTerbang perdana13 April 1990Diperkenalkan4 Januari 2007[1]StatusDalam layananPengguna utamaAngkatan Udara RusiaJumlah produksi136[2]Harga satuanUS$36 juta (Rp560,23 Miliar)Acuan dasarSukhoi Su-27 Sukhoi Su-34 (kode NATO: Fullback) adalah sebuah pesawat tempur pengebom/serang berkursi ganda mutakhir buatan Rusia, yang dikembangkan dari Su-27. Pesawat ini masuk dinas Angkatan Udara Rusi...

 

sungai Pakerisan

Sungai Pakerisan (Tukad Pakerisan) Sungai Situs Candi Gunung Kawi dekat sungai Pakerisan antara tahun 1910 dan 1928 Negara  Indonesia Provinsi Bali Sumber Kintamani Muara Laut Bali Panjang 34,50 km (21 mi) DAS 29,88 km2 (12 sq mi) Debit air  - rerata 198,261 m3/s (7.002 cu ft/s)  - max 246,088 m3/s (8.691 cu ft/s)  - min 176,53 m3/s (6.234 cu ft/s) Zona waktu WITA (UTC+8) Pak...

 

Смоленский архив

Смоленский архив (июнь 1943) Смоленский архив — архив Смоленского областного комитета ВКП(б), захваченный немецкими войсками и вывезенный в Германию во время Великой Отечественной войны. После окончания войны попал в руки американцев и был увезён в США. Содержание 1 Ист�...

A.C.D. Asti

AstiNama lengkapAssociazione Calcio Dilettantistica AstiJulukanGalletti (Ayam jantan)Berdiri1932StadionStadio Cesin Bosia,Asti, Italy(Kapasitas: 6,000)KetuaGianmaria PiacenzaManajerEnrico PasqualiLigaSerie D/A2011–12Serie D/A, 15thSitus webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Associazione Calcio Dilettantistica Asti adalah sebuah klub sepak bola Italia dari kota Asti. Klub ini didirikan pada tahun 1932 dengan nama B.C. Asti, dan telah berganti nama beberapa kali dikarenak...

 

Royal Aero Club

National co-ordinating body for air sport in the United Kingdom A car badge featuring the emblem of the Royal Aero Club (RAeC) United Kingdom. The Royal Aero Club (RAeC) is the national co-ordinating body for air sport in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1901 as the Aero Club of Great Britain, being granted the title of the Royal Aero Club in 1910.[citation needed] History The Aero Club was founded in 1901 by Frank Hedges Butler, his daughter Vera and the Hon Charles Rolls (one o...

 

Red River (1948 film)

Film by Howard Hawks Red RiverTheatrical release posterDirected byHoward HawksScreenplay by Borden Chase Charles Schnee Based onThe Chisholm Trail1946 The Saturday Evening Postby Borden ChaseProduced byHoward HawksStarring John Wayne Montgomery Clift Walter Brennan Joanne Dru CinematographyRussell HarlanEdited byChristian NybyMusic byDimitri TiomkinProductioncompanyMonterey ProductionsDistributed byUnited ArtistsRelease date August 26, 1948 (1948-08-26)[1] Running time1...

Davenport–Schinzel sequence

In combinatorics, a Davenport–Schinzel sequence is a sequence of symbols in which the number of times any two symbols may appear in alternation is limited. The maximum possible length of a Davenport–Schinzel sequence is bounded by the number of its distinct symbols multiplied by a small but nonconstant factor that depends on the number of alternations that are allowed. Davenport–Schinzel sequences were first defined in 1965 by Harold Davenport and Andrzej Schinzel to analyze linear diff...

 

Die Weltbühne

Halaman sampul Weltbühne dari tanggal 2 Februari 1930 Die Weltbühne (awalnya bernama Die Schaubühne) adalah sebuah majalah mingguan Jerman yang berfokus pada politik, seni, dan ekonomi. Majalah ini didirikan di Berlin pada tahun 1905 oleh Siegfried Jacobsohn dan pada awalnya hanya mengkhususkan diri pada topik teater. Namun, pada tahun 1913, majalah ini mulai memperluas cakupannya ke bidang ekonomi dan politik, dan selama dua dekade berikutnya, menjadi salah satu publikasi terdepan di kala...