Fantasmas de Faddeev-Popov

Teoria quântica de campos

Pano de fundo
Teoria de gauge Teoria dos campos Simetria de Poincaré Mecânica quântica Quebra espontânea de simetria Teoria dos twistores

Simetrias
Simetria C Simetria CP Simetria temporal

Ferramentas
Anomalia Teoria efetiva dos campos Matriz CKM Valor esperado do vácuo Fantasmas de Faddeev-Popovs Diagramas de Feynman Fórmula da redução de LSZ Propagador Quantização Renormalização Vácuo quântico Teorema de Wick Axiomas de Wightman

Equações
Equação de Dirac Equação de Klein–Gordon Equação de Proca Equação de Wheeler–DeWitt

Modelo padrão
Força eletrofraca Mecanismo de Higgs Cromodinâmica quântica Eletrodinâmica quântica

Teorias incompletas
Gravidade quântica Teoria das cordas Supersimetria Teoria de Yang-Mills Teoria de tudo

Cientistas

Adler • Hawking • Bethe • Bogoliubov • Callan • Coleman • DeWitt • Dirac • Dyson • Fermi • Feynman • Fierz • Fröhlich • Gell-Mann • Goldstone • Gross • 't Hooft • Higgs • Jackiw • Klein • Landau • Lee • Lehmann • Majorana • Nambu • Parisi • Polyakov • Salam • Schwinger • Skyrme • Stueckelberg •Symanzik • Tomonaga • Veltman • Weinberg • Weisskopf • Wilson • Wilczek • Witten • Yang • Yukawa • Zimmermann • Zinn-Justin • Lopes

Na física, os Fantasmas de Faddeev-Popov (também chamado de campos fantasmas) são campos adicionais os quais são introduzidos em teorias quânticas de campos de gauge para manter a consistência da integração funcional. Eles têm esse nome para homenagear Ludvig Faddeev e Victor Popov.^[1]^[2]

Tais campos são escalares que obedecem as estatísticas de Fermi. De acordo com o teorema spin-estatística,^[3] os fantasmas de Faddeev-Popovs violariam a causalidade.^[4]

Campos fantasmas Lagrange

O Lagrange para os campos de fantasmas $c^{a}(x)\,$ nas teorias de Yang-Mills (onde $a$ é um índice na representação adjunta do grupo de calibre) é dado por

{\mathcal {L}}_{\text{fantasma}}=\partial _{\mu }{\bar {c}}^{a}\partial ^{\mu }c^{a}+gf^{abc}\left(\partial ^{\mu }{\bar {c}}^{a}\right)A_{\mu }^{b}c^{c}\;.

O primeiro termo é um termo cinético como para campos escalares regulares complexos, e o segundo termo descreve a interação com os campos de gauge. Note que nas teorias abelianas de gauge (como na eletrodinâmica quântica) os fantasmas não têm qualquer efeito desde que $f^{abc}=0$ e, conseqüentemente, as partículas fantasmas não interagem com os campos de gauge.

Referências

↑ Teoria Quântica dos Campos Vol. 39 Por Marcelo Otávio Caminha Gomes 2002
↑ Modelo de Thirring com Simetria de Gauge: Uma Análise Funcional" por Rodrigo Santos Bufalo 2008 [1]
↑ R. F. Streater and A. S. Wightman. Spin Statistics and All That. Addison-Wesley,USA, 1st edition, 1989.[2]
↑ Aspectos não perturbativos das teorias de Yang-Mills por Rodrigo Ferreira Sobreiro 2007 [3]

Campos de estudo da Física

Divisões

Clássica

Mecânica clássica	Mecânica de meios contínuos Mecânica dos sólidos Mecânica dos fluidos Acústica
Eletromagnetismo	Eletrostática Magnetostática Plasma Física de aceleradores
Mecânica estatística	Termodinâmica Física da matéria condensada Física material Física mesoscópica Física de polímeros Matéria mole Física do estado sólido

Física moderna

Mecânica quântica	Eletrodinâmica quântica Teoria quântica de campos Gravitação quântica Informação quântica
Mecânica relativista	Relatividade geral Relatividade restrita
Física de partículas	Astrofísica de partículas Física nuclear Cromodinâmica quântica
Física atômica, molecular e óptica	Física atômica Física molecular Ótica Fotônica Óptica quântica
Cosmologia física	Astrofísica Astrofísica nuclear Mecânica celeste Física solar Heliofísica Física espacial

Interdisciplinar

História da física, Nobel de Física , Teoria de tudo

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