Família Amatúnio

Amatúnio (em latim: Amatunius); Amatuni (em armênio/arménio: Ամատունի) foi uma família nobre (nacarar) armênia, que surge no registro histórico no século IV.

Vida

Dracma de Vararanes V (r. 420–438)
Dracma de Isdigerdes II (r. 438–457)

Os Amatúnios tinham origem cáspio-meda, como as casas de Mardepetacânia, Mandacúnio e Murásio,[1] e Moisés de Corene dá espúria genealogia judaica. São registrados desde o século IV na região de Artaz, entre os lagos Vã e Úrmia, com seu centro em Xavarxã (Šawaršan; atual Macu), e depois em Aragazótia, a oeste do Sevã, no castelo de Oxacã.[2] A Lista Militar (Զորնամակ, Zōrnamak), o documento que indica a quantidade de cavaleiros que cada uma das famílias nobres devia ceder ao exército real em caso de convocação, omite o nome dessa família. Contudo, sua precedência dinástica e potencial militar são vistos a partir da ajuda feudal de 500 cavalos que contribuíam ao exército do rei da Armênia.[3][4] Por sua vez, a Lista de Trono (Գահնամակ, gahnamak) as classifica na 15.ª posição entre as casas nobres.[5] No reinado de Cosroes III (r. 330–339), Vaanes I e Vache I prestaram ajuda militar ao rei.[6] Em 428, os nacarares da Armênia peticionaram ao Vararanes V (r. 420–438) para que destronasse Artaxias IV (r. 422–428) e abolisse os arsácidas. Para governar o país, o xá nomeia Vemir-Sapor como marzobã e confiou a tenência real a Vaanes II.[7]

Vaanes, porém, estava entre os dinastas que protestaram contra a tentativa de Isdigerdes II (r. 438–457) de impor o zoroastrismo sobre a Armênia em 448-449 e foram chamados a Ctesifonte.[3] Em 449, foi com Maictes e outros nobres à corte de Constantinopla para solicitar ao imperador Teodósio II (r. 408–450) apoio militar contra Isdigerdes[8] e 451 incitou Vardanes II a liderar a revolta contra o julgo persa.[9] Lutou ao lado dos rebeldes, mas quando a rebelião foi derrotada, esteve entre aqueles que foram à corte em Ctesifonte e foram exilados para Gurgã. Em 482, Barsabores informou ao marzobã Adar Gusnaspe as intenções dos armênios de novamente se rebelarem.[3]

Soldo de Maurício (r. 582–602)

Na guerra bizantino-sassânida de 572-591, Cotite aliou-se ao xá Cosroes II (r. 590–628) devido a opressão do imperador Maurício (r. 582–602). Em 771-772, os Amatúnios participam na revolta contra o governo árabe sobre a Armênia, mas com seu fracasso foram obrigados a se refugiar na Ibéria e no Império Bizantino. Em 791, Sapor II Amatúnio, seu filho Hamã e cerca de 12 mil seguidores foram ao Império Bizantino, enquanto no século IX outros Amatúnios, embora ainda reinando em Artaz, aparecem como vassalos dos Arzerúnios da Vaspuracânia. Nos séculos XIII e XIV, com o nome de Vacuteã (Vačʿutean), novamente tornam-se proeminentes na esfera de influência georgiana; sob suserania dos zacáridas Camsaracano-Palavunis, voltam a reinar em Aragazódia, bem como nas vizinhas Siracena e Niga, com a grande fortaleza de Amberde.[10] Desaparece do registro histórico depois disso, mas no século XVIII uma família homônima surge e foi reconhecida com sua descendente.[3]

Referências

  1. Toumanoff 1963, p. 169, nota 81.
  2. Toumanoff 1963, p. 197.
  3. a b c d Toumanoff 1989.
  4. Toumanoff 1963, p. 237, nota 306; 238.
  5. Toumanoff 1963, p. 252, nota 342.
  6. Grousset 1973, p. 129; 132.
  7. Grousset 1973, p. 182-184.
  8. Grousset 1973, p. 196-199.
  9. Lázaro de Farpe 1985, II.31.103.
  10. Toumanoff 1963, p. 197-198.

Bibliografia

  • Grousset, René (1973) [1947]. Histoire de l'Arménie: des origines à 1071. Paris: Payot 
  • Lázaro de Farpe (1985). Bedrosian, Robert, ed. Ghazar P'arpec'i's History of the Armenians. Nova Iorque: Sources of the Armenian Tradition 
  • Toumanoff, Cyril (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Washington: Georgetown University Press 
  • Toumanoff, Cyril (1989). «Amatuni». Enciclopédia Irânica Vol. I Fasc. 9. Nova Iorque: Columbia University Press 

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