Expedição dos rus' na Paflagônia

Rus' nas muralhas de Tsargrado

A Expedição dos rus' na Paflagônia foi uma ofensiva militar dos rus' à cidades às margens do Propôntida. Ela marcou o primeiro contato conhecido entre os rus' e o Império Bizantino. A data é disputada assim como a afirmação de que esta expedição seria distinta da Guerra rus'-bizantina (860).

A expedição

O raide está documentado na Vida de São Jorge de Amástris, um hagiografia que descreve o povo rus' como "o povo conhecido de todos por sua barbaridade, ferocidade e crueldade". De acordo com o texto, eles atacaram Propôntida (provavelmente tentando chegar em Constantinopla) antes de se voltaram para o leste e invadirem a Paflagônia em algum momento após a morte de São Jorge (c. 806). Quando eles atacaram Amástris, a intervenção de São Jorge teria ajudado os habitantes a sobreviverem. Este relato é considerado o primeiro a tratar da migração dos rus' para o sudeste da Europa. Apenas em relatos posteriores e duvidosos que os rus' teriam chegado até as fronteiras bizantinas antes da expedição paflagônia. Notadamente, a Vida de Santo Estêvão de Sugdea, um texto eslavônico do século XV, relata a invasão liderada por um tal Bravlin dos rus', que supostamente teria devastado a Crimeia na década de 790, um relato que não aparece na versão grega da obra.

Data da expedição

É óbvio que datar corretamente a Vida é de importância fundamental para datar a expedição paflagônia. Infelizmente, a obra - ou partes dela - tem sido alternativamente atribuída ao século IX ou X e a questão ainda parece estar longe de uma resolução[1]. Vasily Vasilievsky, que foi o primeiro a publicar o texto em 1893, atribuiu-o a Inácio, o Diácono (c. 775 - ca. 848). Assim, ele acreditava que o ataque teria ocorrido durante o período do iconoclasma (antes de 842), datando-o entre os anos de 825 e 830. Alexander Vasiliev lembrou que o cuidado do imperador bizantino Teófilo em prover aos rus', que de alguma forma teriam chegado a Constantinopla (ca. 838), com um salvo-conduto através das terras francas pela sua embaixada a Luís, o Piedoso em 839, como atestado pelos "Anais de São Bertin", é inconsistente com a assunção de que o raide, naquele momento, já teria ocorrido. Assim, rejeitando os argumentos de Vasilievsky sobre a autoria e a data da obra, ele identificou a expedição paflagônia descrita na Vida com o raide que alcançou Constantinopla em 860[2]. Constantine Zuckerman, porém, defende uma data mais recente para o saque de Amástris, na década de 830, e mantém que a embaixada de 838 dos rus' em Constantinopla, como relatada na mesma entrada dos "Anais de São Bertin", como sendo uma tentativa de negociar a paz com Bizâncio[3]. Alguns acadêmicos acreditam que o raide teria ocorrido em datas tão antigas quanto 818 ou 819[4], enquanto que outros, mesmo defendendo a autoria de Inácio da Vida, defenderam uma hipótese interessante - e não comprovada - de que o raide teria ocorrido após os combates de 860[5]. Por fim, há ainda quem defenda, inclusive o próprio Vasiliev em sua obra mais recente, uma data ainda mais recente para a Vida e, assim, defendem que a expedição paflagônia teria ocorrido como parte do ataque de 941.

Referências

  1. http://www.doaks.org/document/hagiointro.pdf at page 43 f.
  2. A. Vasiliev, Byzance et les Arabes, French Ed. H. Grégoire/M. Canard 1. Brussels 1935, 184 n5 and 241–245.
  3. C. Zuckerman, Deux étapes dans la formation de l'ancien état russe, in: M. Kazanski/A. Nercessian/Id. (edd.), Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient. Réalités byzantines, 7. Paris 2000, 95–121, here 101 f.
  4. Treadgold W. Three Byzantine Provinces and the First Byzantine Contacts with the Rus' // Proceedings of the International Congress Commemorating the Millennium of Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine (Harvard Ukrainian Studies 12/13, 1988/1989) / Eds. O. Pritsak, I. Sevcenko. Cambridge Mass., 1990, 132-144.
  5. Markopoulos A. La Vie de Saint Georges d'Amastris et Photius. // Jahrbuch Österreichischer Byzantinistik, 1979, 28, pp. 75-82.

Bibliografia

  • Vasily Vasilievsky. Русско-византийские исследования. St. Petersburg, 1893.
  • George Vernadsky. The Problem of the Early Russian Campaigns in the Black Sea Area. // American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1949), pp. 1-9.
  • Andrey Sakharov. Дипломатия древней Руси: IX - первая половина X в. Moscow, 1980.
  • Efthymiadis St. On the Hagiographical Work of Ignatius the Deacon. // Jahrbuch Österreichischer Byzantinistik, 1991, 41, pp. 73-83.

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