Evolução do cavalo

A evolução do cavalo envolve o desenvolvimento gradual do cavalo moderno, desde o Hyracotherium, animal do tamanho de uma raposa e habitante de florestas.[1] Os paleozoólogos foram capazes de juntar as peças da linhagem evolutiva do cavalo, mais do que em qualquer outro animal.

O cavalo pertence à ordem conhecida como Perissodactyla, à qual pertencem os animais com cascos nas patas e um número ímpar de dedos em cada pata, assim como lábio superior móvel e estrutura dentária semelhante. Isto significa que os cavalos partilham um antepassado comum com os tapires e rinocerontes. Os perissodáctilos apareceram no Paleocénico tardio, há menos de 10 milhões de anos após da extinção K-T.[2] Este grupo de animais parece ter sido originalmente especializado para a vida nas florestas tropicais, mas enquanto os tapires e rinocerontes retiveram a sua especialização à selva, os cavalos modernos estão adaptados à vida das savanas e estepes.

Os ancestrais mais recentes do cavalo moderno caminhavam com vários dedos estendidos, uma acomodação à vida passada no chão macio e húmido das florestas. Quando as espécies de ervas começaram a aparecer e florescer, a dieta dos equídeos mudou da folhagem para as ervas, levando ao aparecimento de dentições maiores e mais duráveis. Ao mesmo tempo, quando as estepes começaram a aparecer, os predecessores do cavalo necessitaram de maiores velocidades para poderem fugir mais eficazmente dos predadores. Isto foi conseguido através de um comprimento maior dos membros e maior levantamento dos dedos do chão, de tal maneira que o peso do corpo foi gradualmente colocado num dos dedos maiores, o terceiro.

Referências

  1. ↑ «Horse - Evolution of the horse». Encyclopedia Britannica (em inglês). Consultado em 25 de junho de 2019 
  2. ↑ Steiner, Cynthia C.; Ryder, Oliver A. (2011). «Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the Perissodactyla». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (em inglês). 163 (4): 1289–1303. ISSN 1096-3642. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00752.x 

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