Dieta sem glúten

Trigo

A dieta sem glúten é uma dieta que exclui o glúten, uma mistura de proteínas que se encontram naturalmente no endosperma da semente de cereais da família das gramíneas (Poaceae), subfamília Pooideae, principalmente das espécies da tribo Triticeae, como o trigo, a cevada,  e  o centeio,[1][2] incluindo todas as suas espécies e híbridos (como a espelta,[1] o trigo de Khorasan e o triticale[1][2]). A inclusão da aveia na dieta sem glúten é controversa. A avenina, proteína presente na aveia, também pode ser tóxica para portadores da doença celíaca.[2] Sua toxicidade depende do cultivar consumido.[3] Além disso, geralmente há contaminação cruzada da aveia com cereais que contêm glúten.[2]

O glúten é capaz de causar problemas de saúde em portadores de doenças relacionadas ao glúten, que incluem a doença celíaca, a sensibilidade ao glúten não-celíaca, a ataxia por glúten, a dermatite herpetiforme e a alergia ao trigo.[4] Nesses pacientes, a dieta sem glúten tem se demonstrado um tratamento efetivo.[5][6][7] Além disso, pelo menos em alguns casos, a dieta sem glúten pode melhorar os sintomas gastrointestinais e/ou sistêmicos em outras doenças, como na síndrome do intestino irritável, artrite reumatoide, esclerose múltipla ou enteropatia do HIV, entre outras.[8]

As proteínas do glúten apresentam um baixo valor nutricional e biológico e os grãos que contêm glúten não são essenciais para os seres humanos.[9] Porém, uma seleção desbalanceada de alimentos e uma escolha incorreta de produtos sem glúten na alimentação podem levar a deficiências nutricionais. A substituição de cereais contendo glúten por farinhas sem glúten em produtos comerciais tradicionalmente produzidos com trigo ou outros cereais contendo glúten pode levar a uma menor ingestão de alguns nutrientes, como ferro e vitaminas do complexo B. Alguns produtos sem glúten vendidos no mercado não são enriquecidos/fortificados como os alimentos similares com glúten e, frequentemente, apresentam maior teor de lipídios e carboidratos. As complicações nutricionais podem ser prevenidas por uma correta educação dietética.[2]

Uma dieta sem glúten deve ser baseada, naturalmente, em alimentos sem glúten com um bom equilíbrio de micro e macronutrientes. Carne, peixe, ovos, legumes, castanhas, frutas, vegetais, batatas, arroz e mandioca são todos apropriados. Se produtos sem glúten comercialmente preparados forem utilizados, é preferível que se escolham formas enriquecidas ou fortificadas com vitaminas e minerais.[2] Além disso, uma alternativa saudável a esses produtos são os pseudocereais (como a quinoa, o amaranto e o trigo sarraceno) e outros cereais menores, que têm um alto valor nutricional e biológico.[2][9]

Apesar de serem altamente recomendadas para celíacos, as dietas sem glúten têm sido alvo de estudos. Uma recente pesquisa descobriu que pessoas que adotaram dieta glúten free possuíam níveis mais elevados de mercúrio e arsênico decorrente da contaminação dos campos de produção de arroz (principal substituto do glúten).[10]

Referências

  1. a b c Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L (16 de março de 2015). «Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders». World J Clin Cases. 3 (3): 275–84. PMC 4360499Acessível livremente. PMID 25789300. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275 
  2. a b c d e f g Penagini F, Dilillo D, Meneghin F, Mameli C, Fabiano V, Zuccotti GV (18 de novembro de 2013). «Gluten-free diet in children: an approach to a nutritionally adequate and balanced diet». Nutrients. 5 (11): 4553–65. PMC 3847748Acessível livremente. PMID 24253052. doi:10.3390/nu5114553. For CD patients on GFD, the nutritional complications are likely to be caused by the poor nutritional quality of the GFPs mentioned above and by the incorrect alimentary choices of CD patients. (...) the limited choice of food products in the diet of children with CD induces a high consumption of packaged GFPs, such as snacks and biscuits. (..) It has been shown that some commercially available GFPs have a lower content of folates, iron and B vitamins or are not consistently enriched/fortified compared to their gluten containing counterparts. (...) The first step towards a balanced diet starts from early education on CD and GFD, possibly provided by a skilled dietitian and/or by a physician with expert knowledge in CD. (...) It is advisable to prefer consumption of naturally GF foods, since it has been shown that they are more balanced and complete under both the macro- and micro-nutrient point of view. In fact, these foods are considered to have a higher nutritional value in terms of energy provision, lipid composition and vitamin content as opposed to the commercially purified GF products. Within the range of naturally GF foods, it is preferable to consume those rich in iron and folic acid, such as leafy vegetables, legumes, fish and meat. During explanation of naturally GF foods to patients, it is a good approach for healthcare professionals to bear in mind the local food habits and recipes of each country. This may provide tailored dietary advice, improving acceptance and compliance to GFD. Furthermore, increasing awareness on the availability of the local naturally GF foods may help promote their consumption, resulting in a more balanced and economically advantageous diet. Indeed, these aspects should always be addressed during dietary counseling. With regards to the commercially purified GFPs, it is recommended to pay special attention to the labeling and chemical composition. (...) Increasing awareness on the possible nutritional deficiencies associated with GFD may help healthcare professionals and families tackle the issue by starting from early education on GFD and clear dietary advice on how to choose the most appropriate gluten-free foods. 
  3. Comino I, Moreno Mde L, Sousa C (7 de novembro de 2015). «Role of oats in celiac disease». World J Gastroenterol. 21 (41): 11825–31. PMC 4631980Acessível livremente. PMID 26557006. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11825 
  4. Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, Murray JA, Sanders DS, Walker MM, Zingone F, Ciacci C (janeiro de 2013). «The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms». Gut. 62 (1): 43–52. PMC 3440559Acessível livremente. PMID 22345659. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346 
  5. Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, Wierdsma N, Bouma G (2013). «Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders». Dig Dis. (Review). 31 (1): 57–62. PMID 23797124. doi:10.1159/000347180. The only treatment for CD, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia is lifelong adherence to a GFD. 
  6. Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R (1 de março de 2006). «Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease». Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 23 (5): 559–75. PMID 16480395. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x. For both wheat allergy and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment. 
  7. Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE (junho de 2015). «Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders». Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 29 (3): 477–91. PMID 26060112. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006. A recently proposed approach to NCGS diagnosis is an objective improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms and extra-intestinal manifestations assessed through a rating scale before and after GFD. Although a standardized symptom rating scale is not yet applied worldwide, a recent study indicated that a decrease of the global symptom score higher than 50% after GFD can be regarded as confirmatory of NCGS (Table 1) [53]. (…) After the confirmation of NCGS diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49]. 
  8. El-Chammas K, Danner E (junho de 2011). «Gluten-free diet in nonceliac disease». Nutr Clin Pract (Review). 26 (3): 294–9. PMID 21586414. doi:10.1177/0884533611405538. The prescription of a GFD has been recommended for patients with IBS-like symptoms without histologic evidence of CD and who have positive IgA tTG antibodies or have the at-risk haplotypes DQ2 or DQ8.46 (…) Historically, a GFD was occasionally used in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS), because anecdotal reports indicated a positive effect (reversal of symptoms) of a GFD in MS patients. (…) what has been demonstrated so far is that a glutenfree vegan diet for 1 year significantly reduced disease activity and levels of antibodies to β-lactoglobulin and gliadin in patients with RA. (...) The beneficial effect of a GFD on diarrhea and weight gain in patients with HIV enteropathy has been demonstrated in a few case series. Treatment with a GFD has been observed to decrease the frequency of diarrhea and thus allow weight gain.84 (IBS=irritable bowel syndrome; RA=rheumatoid arthritis; GFD=gluten-free diet) 
  9. a b Lamacchia C, Camarca A, Picascia S, Di Luccia A, Gianfrani C (2014). «Cereal-based gluten-free food: how to reconcile nutritional and technological properties of wheat proteins with safety for celiac disease patients». Nutrients (Review). 6 (2): 575–90. PMC 3942718Acessível livremente. PMID 24481131. doi:10.3390/nu6020575 
  10. Argos, Maria (14 de fevereiro de 2017). «Notícia Alternativa». Epidemiology 

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