Concílio de Constantinopla (1094)

 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Concílio de Constantinopla.
Ruínas do Palácio de Blaquerna

O Concílio de Constantinopla de 1094 foi um concílio local convocado pelo imperador Aleixo I Comneno (r. 1081–1118) no Palácio de Blaquerna, em Constantinopla, de modo a resolver a controvérsia a respeito de Leão da Calcedônia. Embora seja corriqueiramente datado em 1094, há certos desacordos quanto ao ano e, por esta razão, variadamente o evento foi datado por alguns autores em 1092, final de 1094, ou começo de 1095.[1]

Antecedentes

Aleixo I Comneno (r. 1081–1118), ao assumir o trono em 1081, encontrou o Império Bizantino numa situação desesperadora. Com as guerras bizantino-normandas drenando o pouco dinheiro remanescente do tesouro imperial, e Roberto Guiscardo marchando através dos Bálcãs, o imperador foi forçado a reunir um sínodo em 1082 para autorizá-lo a empregar o dinheiro obtido com ofertas nas igrejas para serviço público. Este ato foi violentamente combatido por muitos clérigos como Leão da Calcedônia. Sua oposição forçou Aleixo I a recuar temporariamente em 1082, porém a retomada dos confiscos logo depois e a falta de resistência pelo patriarca Nicolau III (r. 1084–1111) fez com que Leão e outros bispos proeminentes rompessem comunhão com o patriarcado em 1084.[2] Em 1086, Aleixo convoca outro sínodo, onde Leão é condenado por não acatar uma decreto imperial.[3]

Deliberações do concílio

Iluminura de Aleixo I Comneno (r. 1081–1118)

Em 1094, Leão enviou uma carta para Nicolau Adrianopolita, cujo conteúdo foi considerado contrário aos ensinamentos dos textos patrísticos sobre a veneração de ícones. Isso levou Aleixo I a convocar um concílio de senadores, prelados e monges no grande tríclino de Blaquerna para discutir sobre a veneração de ícones e pôr fim à controvérsia de Leão. Segundo as estimativas havia mais de 50 leigos, 30 clérigos com ofícios episcopais, cerca de 15 chefes de mosteiros, com uma dispersão de monges e diáconos.[3]

As discussões técnicas centraram em torno do Segundo Concílio de Niceia, realizado em 787, e sua decisão de que "adoração" (latreia) deu-se a Deus apenas, e "veneração relativa" (prosquínese esquética, proskynesis schetike) é aquela poderia ser dada às imagens. Esta noção de veneração foi percebida, fundamentalmente, para os "protótipos", ou a pessoa santa a quem a imagem supunha descrever, e não os materiais nos quais as imagens foram confeccionadas. Leão, contudo, insistiu que um uso secular do material foi idêntico ao desrespeito blasfemo à imagem, e fundamentalmente, o protótipo. Este argumento técnico era de que o Logos assumiu uma "forma" humana como descrito materialmente no ícone. Dai em diante, esta "forma" foi integrada na pessoa divina.[4]

No fim do concílio, Leão da Calcedônia foi unanimemente condenado ao exílio, e foi enviado para Sozópolis no Ponto Euxino, onde os locais viam-o como santo.[5] O imperador fez por onde sua vida ser tão confortável quanto possível, mesmo tendo permanecido intransigente e hostil com relação ao imperador.[3]

Referências

  1. ↑ Kazhdan 1991, p. 514.
  2. ↑ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1214.
  3. ↑ a b c «Leon, metropolitan of Chalcedon [1082, 1084, (...) , 1094] M / L XI» (em inglês). Consultado em 17 de novembro de 2014 
  4. ↑ Kazhdan 1991, p. 1214-1215.
  5. ↑ Finlay 1854, p. 63.

Bibliografia

  • Finlay, George (1854). History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires from 1057–1453. 2. Edimburgo: William Blackwood & Sons 

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