Coluna cóclida

Coluna de Marco Aurélio, 192.

Coluna cóclida, também denominada coluna oca,[1] é um tipo de monumento honorário que teve origem na arte romana e que consiste numa grande coluna isolada decorada com um friso traçado helicoidalmente em torno da coluna e que possui no seu interior uma escada de caracol ("cóclida" refere-se à própria espiral de caracol).[2]

A definição de cóclida atribuída à coluna, era utilizada nos catálogos regionais de meados do século IV, e deriva de cochlis (caracol), referindo-se à escada em espiral presente no seu interior, e ao fuste decorado com nervuras em espiral (colonna volutilis) e, em alguns casos, com uma faixa em relevo[3].

Acredita-se que a origem deste tipo de monumento, é de criação exclusiva do mundo romano, que deriva dos rolos de papiros enrolados em torno de um cilindro, que compõe o volume das bibliotecas; ou às tiras de pano utilizadas para revestir colunas e pilares durante os festivais e cerimónias; ou ainda de exemplos reais de arquitetura, em que colunas são frequentemente decoradas com motivos vegetais em espiral.[4]

A primeira coluna cóclida foi a Coluna de Trajano, em Roma (113), seguida da Coluna de Marco Aurélio, em Roma (192).[5] Para além destas, mencione-se ainda as colunas de Constantinopla: a coluna de Teodósio e a de Arcádio do século V, a coluna de Justiniano de 543, demolida pelos otomanos no século XVI e que é somente conhecida pelos desenhos renascentistas.[5]

A tipologia da coluna cóclida romana veio posteriormente a ser utilizada no período do neoclassicismo, como é exemplo a coluna de Austerlitz, feita com o bronze capturado dos canhões austríacos,[5] encomendada por Napoleão Bonaparte em Paris, 1806, para celebração da sua vitória na batalha de Austerlitz.

Referências

  1. ↑ Dicionário da Arquitetura Brasileira http://www.acropole.fau.usp.br/edicoes/236/txt/013.txt. Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2015  Em falta ou vazio |título= (ajuda)
  2. ↑ «coclide» (em italiano). Dizionario di Italiano. Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2015 
  3. ↑ cfr, fragmento encontrado em Roma, no vinhedo Belardi Porta Maggiore: Bull . Arch . Com . de Roma , 1878, p. 199 segg., tavola XVI
  4. ↑ «Colonna Traiana» (em italiano). Roma Spqr. Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2015 
  5. ↑ a b c «Coclide, COLUNA» (em inglês). Enciclopédia Italiana (1931). Consultado em 13 de setembro de 2015 

Bibliografia

  • Lib. J. Durm, Die Baukunst der Etrusker und Römer, 2ª ed., Stuttgart 1905, p. 742 SEQ.
  • Daremberg e Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités romaines, I, II, p. 1350 e seguintes. (Colunas).

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