Cléon

Nota: Se procura pela comuna francesa, consulte Cléon (França)

Cléon (em grego: Κλέων; ? — Anfípolis, 422 a.C.) foi um demagogo, político e estratego (general) ateniense, protagonista da Guerra do Peloponeso. Foi o primeiro representante dos comerciantes na política ateniense, embora fosse um aristocrata.

Foi adversário de Péricles. Quando os lacedemônios e seus aliados do Peloponeso, sob a liderança do rei Arquídamo,[1] somando sessenta mil soldados,[2] invadiram a Ática e devastaram o território,[1] e Péricles defendeu a estratégia de deixá-los cortarem as árvores, porque árvores crescem rápido, mas pessoas não,[2] Cleon foi dos principais opositores, utilizando a raiva da população para conseguir a liderança.[3]

Em 430 a.C., após a fracassada expedição de Péricles contra Epidauro no Peloponeso e quando a cidade era devastada pela peste,[4] Cléon encabeçou a oposição ao regime de Péricles, acusando-o de má administração do dinheiro público. Périclés foi considerado culpado, e teve que pagar uma multa cujo valor varia, conforme a fonte, entre quinte e cinqueta talentos,[5] mas logo foi reabilitado e Cléon passou ao segundo plano.

A morte de Péricles em 429 a.C. deixou o caminho livre para Cléon que, por alguns anos, foi a figura mais proeminente de Atenas. Embora grosseiro e mal-educado, tinha um dom natural para a oratória, além de uma voz potente, e sabia exatamente como tocar os sentimentos do povo, incitando-o à guerra - e exaurindo os recursos do Estado.

Era a favor de uma guerra intransigente contra Esparta. Em 427 a.C. propôs exterminar todos os homens e escravizar mulheres e crianças da cidade rebelde de Mitilene.

Cléon é particularmente lembrado pela batalha de Esfactéria, uma das maiores vitórias atenienses, em 425 a.C.. Foi principalmente por sua determinação em humilhar Esparta que se perdeu, nessa ocasião, a oportunidade de concluir uma paz honrosa.

Cléon morreu durante a tentativa de reconquistar a cidade de Anfípolis, que havia sido tomada pelos espartanos em 424 a.C., comandados pelo general Brásidas, também morto na mesma batalha. Após a morte de ambos abriu-se o caminho para a Paz de Nícias, em 421 a.C..

Referências

  1. a b Plutarco, Vidas Paralelas, Vida de Péricles, 33.3
  2. a b Plutarco, Vidas Paralelas, Vida de Péricles, 33.4
  3. Plutarco, Vidas Paralelas, Vida de Péricles, 33.6
  4. Plutarco, Vidas Paralelas, Vida de Péricles, 35.3
  5. Plutarco, Vidas Paralelas, Vida de Péricles, 35.4
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