Caroteno

Licopeno: caroteno vermelho do tomate
Cenoura: rica em beta-caroteno

Os carotenos são pigmentos orgânicos encontrado nas plantas e microrganismos como algas e fungos. São essenciais para a vida e nenhum animal pode sintetizá-los, por isso devem ser ingeridos na dieta.

Quimicamente são membros da família dos terpenóides, e são formados por quarenta átomos de carbono. São um tipo de molécula de estrutura isoprenóide, ou seja, com um número variável de duplas ligações conjugadas, que lhes confere a propriedade de absorver a luz visível em diferentes comprimentos de onda, desde 380 até 500 nm, o que lhes confere cores que vão do amarelo ao vermelho, e são amplamente empregados como corantes.

O maior número de duplas ligações captam comprimentos de ondas mais largas (mais para o vermelho). Assim, com somente três ligações conjugadas, o fitoeno só pode captar luz ultravioleta (sendo, portanto, incolor), e o licopeno (coloração vermelha do tomate), com onze duplas ligações conjugadas, absorve desde o ultravioleta até o vermelho. Também existem carotenos de cor verde (zeta-caroteno), amarelo (beta-caroteno) ou laranja (neurosporaxantina). Os carotenóides podem apresentar anéis, que também influem no comprimento de onda que absorvem.

Devido a capacidade de absorção da luz visível, seus principais métodos de análise são a colorimetria e a espectrofotometria.

Pode-se diferenciar duas grandes famílias de carotenóides:

  • Carotenos propriamente ditos: formados por carbono e hidrogênio, como por exemplo o beta-caroteno ( pró-vitamina A) ou o licopeno. Ambas são moléculas altamente apolares.
  • Xantofilas: são carotenóides polares, funcionalizados com diversos grupos oxigenados como hidroxilas ou cetonas. Exemplos de xantofilas são: luteína, zeaxantina, mixol, osciloxantina e aloxantina.

Tem-se descrito grandes quantidades de atividades associadas aos carotenóides, principalmente, como agente antioxidante e anticancerígeno.

Devido ao elevado número de estudos epidemiológicos que demonstram a redução potencial da incidência de cancro relacionada com o aumento da ingestão de beta-carotenos na dieta alimentar, o Instituto Nacional do Cancro (EUA) emite instruções dietárias aconselhando os americanos a incluir uma variedade de vegetais e frutas na sua dieta diária.

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