Caos quântico

Parte de uma série de artigos sobre
Mecânica quântica

O caos quântico é um ramo da física que estuda como os sistemas dinâmicos clássicos caóticos podem ser descritos em termos da teoria quântica.[1][2] O caos quântico é caótico no sentido de que é possível observar leis que regem frequências próprias [harmônicos], que têm um caráter universal, que dependem muito pouco do sistema considerado, contanto que este seja caótico do ponto de vista clássico.[3]

Histórico

O trabalho de Einstein Sobre o teorema quântico de Sommerfeld e de Epstein, publicado em 1917, propõe uma generalização da regra de quantização de Bohr, Sommerfeld e Epstein para sistemas multidimensionais integráveis. Ao mesmo tempo, Einstein nota que sistemas não-integráveis não podem ser quantizados dessa maneira. Essa observação indica pela primeira vez a não trivialidade do limite semiclássico de sistemas caóticos, e pode ser considerado como pioneiro da teoria de caos quântico.[4] Esse seria o primeiro dos dois pilares em caos quântico; os chamados métodos semiclássicos, que representam uma aproximação à mecânica quântica, mas têm como estrutura a mecânica clássica. O segundo pilar são as matrizes aleatórias, que foram inventadas por Eugene Wigner na década de 1950 para descrever as propriedades dos núcleos atômicos e que desempenham um papel muito importante na área de caos quântico. Portanto, a convergência desses dois pilares é um tema central sobre o qual ainda há muito a descobrir. O primeiro livro técnico em português sobre esse tema (Sistemas hamiltonianos: caos e quantização) foi escrito por Alfredo Miguel Ozorio de Almeida em 1987.[3]

Referências

  1. ↑ Quantum Signatures of Chaos, Fritz Haake, Edition: 2, Springer, 2001, ISBN 3-540-67723-2, ISBN 978-3-540-67723-9.
  2. ↑ Michael Berry, "Quantum Chaology", pp 104-5 of Quantum: a guide for the perplexed by Jim Al-Khalili (Weidenfeld and Nicolson 2003), http://www.physics.bristol.ac.uk/people/berry_mv/the_papers/Berry358.pdf.
  3. ↑ a b Entrevista: Oriol Bohigas – Caos, ciência e sociedade Entrevista com Oriol Bohigas (2006)
  4. ↑ Einstein e a teoria do caos quântico por Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física, v. 27, n. 1, p. 101 - 102, (2005)
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