Artes mecânicas

Artes mecânicas

Canteiro de obras da Alta Idade Média retratado na Bíblia Morgan.

Tipo
grupo (d)

editar - editar código-fonte - editar WikidataDocumentação da predefinição

Artes Mecânicas (em latim: Artes Mechanicae) são conceitos medievais de práticas e habilidades ordenadas, frequentemente justapostas com as tradicionais artes liberais. Também conhecidas como "servil" e "vulgar",[1] desde a antiguidade elas foram consideradas impróprias para os homens livres, por ministrar as necessidades mais básicas.

Classificação

João Escoto Erígena (810, Irlanda - 877, Paris) as dividiu um tanto arbitrariamente em sete partes:

No período medieval, era comum a organização dos artesãos em guildas para o exercício destas profissões. Em sua obra intitulada "Didascalion", Hugo de São Vitor (1096-1141) incluiu navegação, medicina e artes teatrais ao invés de comércio, agricultura e culinária.[3][4] O tratado de Hugo elevava um pouco as artes mecânicas como ordenadas para o desenvolvimento da humanidade; uma promoção que representava uma tendência crescente ao longo dos últimos séculos da Idade Média.[5][6]

A classificação das artes mecânicas como geometria aplicada foi introduzida na Europa Ocidental por Domingo Gundisalvo (século XII) sob a influência de seus estudos do conhecimento árabe.

Evolução do conceito e usos contemporâneos

No século XIX, as artes mecânicas referiam-se aos campos de estudos, nos quais, alguns são atualmente conhecidos como engenharias. O uso do termo foi aparentemente uma tentativa de distinguir esses campos dos empreendimentos criativos e artísticos, como as artes do espectáculo e das artes plásticas que estavam para os intelectuais e as classes mais altas da época. As artes mecânicas eram também consideradas campos práticos por aqueles que não vieram de famílias de classes sociais mais ricas.

A evolução posterior do conceito de arte, que culminou com a formulação do termo belas artes por Charles Batteux (1713-1780), em 1746 (as belas artes reduzidas a um único princípio), fez desaparecer o conceito de artes vulgares ou mecânicas.

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Ver o caso no Livro I da obra De Officiis de Marco Túlio Cícero, xxlii.
  2. ↑ Em seu comentário sobre o trabalho do início do século V de Marciano Capela, "As Núpcias da Filologia e Mercúrio", uma das principais fontes para a reflexão medieval sobre as artes liberais.
  3. ↑ Hugo de São Vitor, Libri septem eruditiones didascaliae, ch.26 (PL 176, col.760): "lanificium, armaturum, navigationem, agriculturem, venationem, medicinam, theatricam"
  4. ↑ Galent-Fasseur, Valérie. Froissart à la cour de Béarn: l'écrivain, les arts et le pouvoir. Brepols, 2009, (em francês), pág. 252. ISBN 9782503528670 (4 de fevereiro de 2016).
  5. ↑ Ver Georges Legoff, Time, Work and Culture in the Middle Ages, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press) pg.116.
  6. ↑ Shiner, Dr. Larry (2003). The Invention of Art: A Cultural History. [S.l.]: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 28–30 

Bibliografia

  • Walton, S.A., "An Introduction to the Mechanical Arts in the Middle Ages", AVISTA, Universidade de Toronto, 2003.
  • Tatarkiewicz, Władysław, "Historia de Seis Ideas", Tecnos, Madrid, 2002. ISBN 84-309-3911-3

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