Happening

 Nota: Se procura pelo filme de M. Night Shyamalan, veja The Happening.

O happening (traduzido do inglês, "acontecimento")[1] é uma forma de expressão das artes visuais que, de certa forma, apresenta características das artes cênicas. Neste tipo de obra, quase sempre planejada, incorpora-se algum elemento de espontaneidade ou improvisação, que nunca se repete da mesma maneira a cada nova apresentação.

História da arte
Por período

Por expressão artística

Apesar de ser definida por alguns historiadores como um sinônimo de performance, o happening é diferente porque, além do aspecto de imprevisibilidade, geralmente envolve a participação direta ou indireta do público espectador. Para o compositor John Cage, os happenings eram "eventos teatrais espontâneos e sem trama".

O termo happening, como categoria artística, foi utilizado pela primeira vez pelo artista Allan Kaprow, em 1959. Como evento artístico, acontecia em ambientes diversos, geralmente fora de museus e galerias, nunca preparados previamente para esse fim.

Na pop art, artistas como Kaprow e Jim Dine, programavam happennings com o intuito de "tirar a arte das telas e trazê-la para a vida". Robert Rauschenberg, em Spring Training (traduzido do inglês, "Treino de Primavera"), alugou trinta tartarugas para soltá-las sobre um palco escuro, com lanternas presas nos cascos. Enquanto as tartarugas emitiam luzes em direções aleatórias, o artista perambulava entre elas vestindo calças de jóquei. No final, sobre pernas-de-pau, Rauschenberg jogou água em um balde de gelo seco preso a sua cintura, levantando nuvens de vapor ao seu redor. Ao terminar o happening, o artista afirmou: "As tartarugas foram verdadeiras artistas, não foi?".

Durante o movimento Provo, de 1964 a 1966, os membros do grupo faziam happenings nas praças de Amsterdã.

Principais artistas

Ver também

Bibliografia

  • Allan Kaprow, Happenings in the New York Scene. Art News, May, 1961
  • Jürgen Becker und Wolf Vostell, Happenings, Fluxus, Pop Art, Nouveau Réalisme. Eine Dokumentation. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek 1965.
  • Allan Kaprow, Assemblage, Environments and Happenings, 1966.
  • Mariellen R. Sandford, Happenings and Other Acts. Routldge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09936-6.
  • Chilvers, Ian. Dicionário Oxford de Arte. Tradução:Marcelo Brandão Cipolla. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1996.
  • 10 Happenings de Wolf Vostell. José Antonio Agúndez García, Editora Regional de Extremadura, 2001, ISBN 84-7671-510-2.
  • Geoffrey Hendricks, Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University, 1958-1972. New Brunswick, N.J., Mason Gross Art Galleries, Rutgers University, 2003.
  • Dempsey, Amy. Estilos, escolas e movimentos. Tradução: Carlos Eugênio Marcondes de Moura. São Paulo: Cosac & Naify, 2003.
  • Kurt Holl/Claudia Glunz, 1968 am Rhein: Satisfaction und Ruhender Verkehr. 2007, ISBN 978-3-932050-11-4.
  • Les Happenings de Jean-Jacques Lebel. Sous la direction d'Androula Michaël, Paris, Hazan, 2009.
  • Das Theater ist auf der Straße, Die Happenings von Wolf Vostell. Museum Morsbroich Leverkusen. Kerber Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-86678-431-4.
  • Nie wieder störungsfrei! Aachen Avantgarde seit 1964, Kerber Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86678-602-8.
  • Marlen Vogel, Das illusorische Theater und die Kunstbewegungen Happening und Fluxus. 2013, ISBN 978-3-638-67102-6.
  • Beuys Brock Vostell. Aktion Demonstration Partizipation 1949–1983. ZKM – Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie, Hatje Cantz, Karlsruhe, 2014, ISBN 978-3-7757-3864-4.[2]

Referências

  1. ↑ «O que é happening?». SP Escola de Teatro. 26 de março de 2021. Consultado em 30 de dezembro de 2024 
  2. ↑ «Beuys Brock Vostell | ZKM». zkm.de (em alemão). 24 de maio de 2014. Consultado em 30 de dezembro de 2024 

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