Altruísmo recíproco

Na sociobiologia, altruísmo recíproco é um processo que favorece cooperação entre parceiros recíprocos. O termo foi proposto por Robert Trivers em um trabalho de 1971.[1]

Ele se baseia em conceitos de economia e matemática como a teoria dos jogos (ver Dilema do prisioneiro), em que participantes de uma relação podem obter vantagens mútuas se cooperarem.

Entendendo o Altruísmo Recíproco

É possível entender as relações entre os organismos como sendo jogos entre participantes. Assim, os jogos podem ser classificados de acordo com o saldo dos resultados obtidos pelos participantes. Existem jogos cuja soma é igual a zero (como o xadrez, por exemplo; para um participante ganhar, o outro necessariamente deve perder, isto é, -1 + 1 = 0); e jogos cuja soma é diferente de zero. Nesses últimos, quando ocorre cooperação entre os participantes, ambos podem ganhar. O Dilema do prisioneiro é um bom exemplo de jogo com a soma diferente de zero.

Um exemplo hipotético

O Altruísmo Recíproco pode se manifestar entre indivíduos que não são estreitamente aparentados. Por exemplo, chimpanzés de um mesmo bando, que não pertençam a um mesmo núcleo familiar, podem obter vantagens na cooperação. Este é o caso da divisão da caça entre esses animais. O indivíduo que obteve sucesso na caça poderia, num ato egoísta, privar os outros indivíduos do alimento. Entretanto, se ele dividi-la com os outros, poderá receber favores e alimentos dos outros no futuro, podendo salvar sua vida em um momento de crise.

Reconhecimento e memória

Para que o altruísmo recíproco evolua, algumas pré-adaptações devem estar presentes na população. O reconhecimento dos indivíduos é importante, pois torna possível os atos de cooperação direcionados. Sistemas visuais bem desenvolvidos ou o reconhecimento por odores e feromônios devem estar presentes em grupos em que o altruísmo recíproco evoluiu.

Ver também

Referências

  1. ↑ Silk, Joan B. (23 de setembro de 2013). «Reciprocal altruism». Current Biology. 23 (18): –827-R828. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.03.052. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2015 

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