Visdommens hus

Visdommens hus
Grunnlagt8. århundre
BeliggenhetBagdads runde by
Kart
Visdommens hus
33°20′32″N 44°23′01″Ø
Et av de eldste vitenskapelige skriftene fra den abbasidiske periode

Visdommens hus (arabisk: ‏بيت الحكمة‎, Bayt al-Hikma) var et bibliotek og et akademi i Bagdad.[1] Det ble etablert i siste halvdel av 700-tallet, og ødelagt fullstendig i 1258. Imidlertid ble over 400 000 vitenskapelige tekster fra biblioteket reddet, og dannet grunnstammen i Maragha-observatoriet som ble opprettet i Persia (dagens Iran) i 1259.

Historie

Visdommens hus ble grunnlagt av kalif Harun al-Rashid (763–809 e.Kr.); i hans regjeringstid var interessen for gresk litteratur og vitenskap stor i det abbasidiske kalifat.[2]

Harun al-Rashid var personlig interessert av poesi og vitenskap og under hans andre sønn, kalif Al-Mamun, kom Visdommens hus' glansdager.[2] Velgjørere av læresetet var Bagdads kjøpmenn og mange militære.[3]

Under Al-Mamuns ettertredere blomstret studiene ved læresetet og dets ry og innflytelse vokste. Den mutazilitiske skole innen islam dominerte hos kalifene, men dette tok slutt under kalif Al-Mutawakkils tid ved makten, årene 847–861. Han fulgte en striktere religiøs retning, og anså for uislamsk den vitenskap – herunder gresk filosofi – som Visdommens hus beskjeftiget seg med.[4] Dermed begynte en nedadgående spiral både for læresetets status og for den vitenskapelige kunnskapsiveren som tidligere rådde i kalifatet.

Under den mongolske beleiringen av Bagdad i 1258 ble både Visdommens hus og resten av byen Baghdad fullstendig ødelagt. Ødeleggelsen skjedde på ordre fra Hülegü khan, og ingenting av læresetet er igjen i dag. Matematikeren og filosofen Nasir al-Din al-Tusi rakk imidlertid å berge over 400 000 tekster fra lærestedets bibliotek; disse skriftene tok han med seg til Persia, der de dannet grunnstammen i Maragha-observatoriet; et astronomisk observatorium som Nasir grunnla i 1259.[5]

En side fra al-Khwarizmis matematiske bok Kitab al-Jabr («kitab» er arabisk for «bok», og «jabr» kan blant annet oversettes med «algebra»).

Forskning og utdannelse

Foruten et bibliotek var Visdommens hus også et sentrum for tidligmiddelaldersk vitenskap. Framfor alt gjorde man den greske antikkens vitenskap kjent, ved å oversette viktige bøker til arabisk. Antikk litteratur ble studert og oversatt også fra middelalderkinesisk, gammelpersisk, sanskrit og syrisk. Et forbilde var Gundishapurakademiet, som var et viktig læresete i senantikkens Persia. Visse bøker tilfalt kalifatet som krigsbytte,[2] for eksempel skal den antikke greske astronomen Klaudios Ptolemaios' verk Almagest ha blitt overlevert av Det bysantinske rike som del av en fredsavtale.

En av de fremste oversetterne var den kristne legen Hunayn ibn Ishaq som personlig ble utnevnt av kalifen. Det var på det meste nitti personer som her arbeidet med oversettelsesarbeidet, for det meste fra gresk til arabisk. Man oversatte alt man kom over av antikkens litteratur av vitenskapelig og filosofisk art, blant annet Galen, Hippokrates, Platon, Aristoteles og Arkimedes. Under Hunayn ibn Ishaqs ledelse utviklet man en teknikk med konsepsjonell fremfor ordrett oversettelse. Også hans sønn Ishaq ibn Hunayn virket som oversetter her, sammen med blant andre matematikeren og astronomen Thabit ibn Qurra. En annen kjent person knyttet til Visdommens hus var al-Khwarizmi som i Vesten er mest kjent for algoritmer, algebra og trigonometri.

Læresetet var ikke bare et akademisk sentrum i Baghdad; kalifatets embetsmenn, ingeniører, arkitekter, leger og rådgivere ble utdannet der, og ofte i flere enn i en disiplin.[2][3]

Referanser

  1. ^ Iraq: The 'Abbasid Caliphate, Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ a b c d Al-Khalili, s. 67-78
  3. ^ a b Lyons, s. 55-77
  4. ^ Al-Khalili, s. 135
  5. ^ George Saliba, 'Islamic science and the making of the European Renaissance'

Litteratur

  • Al-Khalili, Jim (2011): The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance, New York: Penguin Press, ISBN 9781594202797
  • Lyons, Jonathan (2009): The House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization, New York: Bloomsbury Press, ISBN 9781596914599

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