Trykkgradient

Trykkgradient er en fysisk størrelse som beskriver romlig variasjon i trykket i en væske. Gradienten er en vektorstørrelse som peker i den retningen der trykket endrer seg mest. Dimensjonen til trykkgradienten er trykk per lengde og er i SI-systemet lik pascal per meter (Pa/m).

Trykkgradienter er viktige i studiet av væskebevegelser, for eksempel i hydrodynamikk, oseanografi og meteorologi.

Matematisk beskrivelse

Dersom trykket varier i rom, men ikke i tid, kan en representere trykket p ved et skalarfelt

der x, y og z er koordinater i rommet. Gradienten til trykket er da en vektor definert som

Fysisk tolkning

Strengt tatt er trykkgradienten en lokal egenskap til luft eller en væske. I atmosfæren er trykkgradienten en vektor som i hovedsak peker nedover, fordi trykket endrer seg raskt med høyden og er størst ved bakken. En typisk størrelse på den vertikale trykkgradienten i troposfæren er omtrent 9 Pa/m (eller 90 hPa/km).

Trykkgradienten har ofte en liten, men svært viktig horisontal komponent. Denne er i hovedsak årsaken til at vind oppstår. Nær jordoverflaten vil den horisontale trykkgradienten typisk peke mot høyere trykk (antisykloner), og retningen og styrken på gradienten er avhengig av værsituasjonen. På midlere bredder er den typiske horisontale trykkgradienten på omtrent 10−2 Pa/m (eller 10 Pa/km), men kan ha større verdier i forbindelse med fronter

Trykkgradientkraft

Trykkgradientkraften er kraften som vanligvis fører til at luften strømmer fra høytrykk mot lavtrykk i atmosfæren og skaper vind. Trykkgradientkraften refererer vanligvis til den horisontale luftbevegelsen.

Trykkgradientkraften virker rettvinklet på isobarer i retning fra høyt mot lavt trykk. Større trykkforskjeller over en gitt strekning fører til større trykkgradientkraft og dermed kraftigere vind.

Trykkgradientkraften er derimot ikke den enaste kraften som får en luftpakke til å flytte seg. Hadde den vært det, ville lav- og høytrykksområdene etter hvert ha forsvunnet. Andre krefter som virker på en luftpakke i bevegelse er friksjon fra overflaten, corioliskraften og sentrifugalkraften. I storskala atmosfærisk strøm bruker corioliskraften og trykkgradientkraften å være i balanse, og dette fører til vind som blåser parallelt med isobarene. Denne balansen kalles geostrofisk balanse. Friksjon nær overflaten fører derimot til at denne balansen sjelden er helt oppfylt, noe som gjør at vindretningen får en liten komponent inn mot lavtrykksenteret.

Merk at trykkgradientkraften peker fra høyt mot lavt trykk, men at selve trykkgradienten peker motsatt vei.

Daglig påvirkning og helse

Lydbølger og sjokkbølger er dynamiske fenomener som kan skape svært store trykkgradienter, men disse er som regel kortvarige. Øret vårt kan fange opp og tolke lydbølger, og er på den måten et svært nøyaktig og sensitivt organ som kan måle trykkgradienter. Store trykkgradienter kan skade hørselen. Trykket i seg selv er som regel ufarlig. Dykkere kan for eksempel gå dypt under vann (og på den måten føle svært store trykk) uten å bli skadet.

Se også

Kilder

  • Edward N. Lorenz (1967) The nature and theory of the general circulation of atmosphere, World Meteorological Organization, Publication No. 218, Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Robert G. Fleagle and Joost A. Businger (1980) An Introduction to Atmospheric Physics, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, Volume 25, ISBN 0-12-260355-9.
  • John M. Wallace and Peter V. Hobbs (2006) Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey, Second Edition, Academic Press, International Geophysics Series, ISBN 0-12-732951-X.


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