Monofysittisme

Monofysittisme (fra gresk μονος, monos, 'kun én' og φυσις physis, 'natur') er et teologisk begrep innen doktrinen om Jesu Kristi natur. Ordet monofysitt ble først brukt i forbindelse med konsilet i Kalkedon i 451 for å beskrive de som avviste konsilet definisjon av Jesus Kristus som «en person i to naturer». Denne definisjonen, som ble den rådende innenfor kristendommen, betyr at Jesus var både guddommelig og menneskelig på samme tid, innenfor samme person. Monofysittene hevdet at han hadde bare én natur, den guddommelige.

Den mest radikale talsmann for monofysittisme før konsilet i Kalkedon var Eutykhes. Han mente at Kristi menneskelige natur ble oppløst i den guddommelige, «som en dråpe honning i havet». Den eutykianske monofysittime, og Eutykhes selv, ble fordømt på dette konsilet.

En annen radikal form er appolinarismen, som hevder at Kristus hadde en menneskelig kropp, men at det guddommelige hadde fylt denne fullstendig slik at det ikke fantes noe menneskelig sinn.

En mer moderat form for monofysittisme, som bruker formelen «Kristus var én natur fra to», det vil si en fusjon mellom de to naturer uten at den ene fullstendig oppsluker den andre, fikk større oppslutning. Denne formen er delvis bevart i de orientalske ortodokse kirker.

Flere forsøk ble gjort på å forene monofysittene med resten av kirken på slutten av det 5. århundre og i 6. århundre. Keiser Zeno forsøkte å finne en formulering som kunne aksepteres av begge parter, men denne ble avvist av pave Simplicius. Senere keisere forsøkte også, uten hell. Det er betegnende at det er nettopp keiserne som sto for dette arbeidet; kirken hadde blitt en stabiliserende faktor i samfunnet, og keiserne ønsket å få slutt på splittelsen som hadde oppstått.

I moderne tid har det på nytt blitt opprettet kontakt mellom de orientalske ortodokse kirker, den ortodokse kirke og den katolske kirke. I 1973 kom pave Paul VI og den koptiske-ortodokse pave Shenouda III med en felleserklæring om kristologi, og i 1984 kom også en felleserklæring fra pave Johannes Paul II og den syrisk-ortodokse patriark Ignatius Zakka II.

Litteratur

  • William Hugh Clifford Frend (1972). The rise of the Monophysite Movement. Chapters in the History of the Church in the fifth and sixth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
  • Christian Lange (2004). So daß wir miteinander jenen Glauben bekennen können, der uns gemeinsam ist. Überlegungen über zwei westliche Bezeichnungen für zwei christlogische Positionen des fünften und sechsten Jahrhunderts aus dem christlichen Orient. s. 287–308. 
  • Die Geschichte des Christentums. Altertum. Band 3: Luce Pietri (Hrsg.): Der lateinische Westen und der byzantinische Osten (431–642). Freiburg (Breisgau) u. a.: Sonderausgabe. Herder. 2005. 
  • John Meyendorff: Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions. The Church 450–680 AD (= The Church in History. Bd. 2). St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, Crestwood NY 1989, ISBN 0-88141-055-1.

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