Kimberlitt

Kimberlitt fra USA.

Kimberlitt er en magmatisk bergart som kan inneholde diamantforekomster.

Egenskaper

Bergarten er svakt magnetisk, og oftest mørk grågrønn, men kan også være gul eller blå. Den er porfyrisk ultrabasisk. Den inneholder ofte velformede olivinkrystaller samt korn av diopsid, glimmer og granat.

På overflaten er bergarten gjerne forvitret til en bløt gul bergart (yellow ground) men på dypet går den over i en fast bergart (blue ground). Kimberlitter finnes også som ganger, ofte knyttet til karbonatittkomplekser, som for eksempel damtjernitt.

Funnhistorie

Kimberlitten er oppkalt etter gruvestedet Kimberley i Sør-Afrika. Det var her at bergarten først ble funnet, og her fant en gjeter av griquaetnisitet en 83,5 carats (16,70 g) diamant kalt Star of South Africa i 1869. Dette utløste det store diamantrushet.

Senere fant man også diamantførende kimberlitt i Sibir på flere forskjellige steder i Jakutia. Særlig fremtredende var det nå gigantiske dagbruddet i Mirnyj. Det er 525 meter dypt med en diameter på 1,25 km.

Sierra Leone fulgte i 1961. Det er videre blitt gjorrt funn i Pennsylvania og i Indiana i USA, Canada, Brasil, India og i Australia.

Se også

Litteratur

  • Brunet Fabrice et al, La terre interne, Roches et matériaux en conditions extrêmes
  • Gudfinnsson G. H. & Presnall D.C (2005) - Continuous gradations among primary carbonatitic, kimberlitic, melilitic, basaltic, picritic, and komatiitic melts in equilibrium with garnet lherzolite at 3-8 GPa., J. Petrol., 46, Mal:P..
  • Mitchell R., 1986, kimberlites: mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology
  • Mitchell R., 1995, Kimberlites, orangeites and related rocks
  • Nixon P.H, 1987, mantle xenoliths
  • Wyllie, PJ, 1980, CO2 phase diagram
  • Gaffney et al, 2007, Constraints on source-forming processes of West Greenland kimberlites inferred from Hf-Nd isotope systematics.
  • Becker, M. and Le Roex, A.P., 2006. Geochemistry of South African On-and Off- craton, Group I and Group II Kimberlites: Petrogenesis and Source Region Evolution. Journal of Petrology, 47
  • Wimmenauer, Wolfhard, Petrographie der magmatischen und metamorphen Gesteine. Stuttgart (Enke) 1985 ISBN 3-432-94671-6.

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