Joseph Butler

Joseph Butler
Født18. mai 1692[1][2][3][4]Rediger på Wikidata
Wantage[5]
Død16. juni 1752[1][2][3][6]Rediger på Wikidata (60 år)
Bath[7]
BeskjeftigelsePrest, filosof, teolog, skribent Rediger på Wikidata
Embete
  • Bishop of Bristol (1738–1750)
  • Dean of St Paul's (1740–1750)
  • biskop av Durham (1750–1752) Rediger på Wikidata
Utdannet vedOriel College
NasjonalitetKongeriket Storbritannia

Memoriale til biskop Joseph Butler, i Durham Cathedral.

Joseph Butler (født 18. mai 1692 i Wantage innen grensene til daværende Berkshire i England, død 16. juni 1752 i Bath) var en britisk teolog, empiriker og moralfilosof, biskop av Bristol i 1738, av bisperdømmet Durham i 1750.

Liv og virke

Bakgrunn

Josepf Butler var sønn till presbyteriansk troende foreldre, og fikk utdannelse ved dissenterskoler for en tjeneste innen den kirken. Erter å ha brevekslet med en anglikansk teolog og filosof ved navn Samuel Clarke bestemte hans seg i 1714 for å tilhøre den anglikanske kirke, og begynte å studere ved Oriel College ved Oxfords universitet, der han avla Bachelor of Artseksamen i 1718 ohg mottok doktorat doktor i sivilrett i 1733.

Prest

Joseph Butler ble diakonviet som anglikaner den 26. oktober 1718 av William Talbot, biskop av Salisbury, i kapellet i hans bispepalass i Salisbury og presteviet den 21. desember 1718 av Talbot i St James's Church i Piccadilly. Han hadde prestestillinger en rekke steder, og ble etterhvert sogneprest i Durham.

Biskop

Butler ble ordinert til tjeneste som biskop av Bristol i 1738. Fra 1740 til 1750 var han også dekan for Sankt Paul-katedralen i London. Han forlot Bristol og Sankt Pauls da han i 1750 ble overført til embedet som biskop av Durham.

Filosofisk forfatterskap

Han ble femfor alt kjent for sin kritikk av Thomas Hobbes' egoisme. Han ble influert også av John Locke og Francis Hutcheson. I sin egen levetid, og senere, hadde han selv særlig som moralfilosof en innflytelse på andre store filosofer som David Hume, Thomas Reid, Adam Smith[8], Henry Sidgwick,[9] John Henry Newman,[10] og C. D. Broad,[11]

Han utga The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature (1738), et forsvar for den åpenbarte religion mot deistenes angrep. Hans argument går blant annet ut på at liksom vi i alle kunnskapsspørsmål må nøye oss med ufullstendige beviser og sannsynnligheter, kan vi ikke avvise de religiøse dogmer på grunn av at det er meget i dem som vi ikke forstår.[12] Denne boken kom til å bety meget for det religiøse liv i de høyere samfunnslag, og hans moralfilosofi har hatt atskillig innflytelse også senere.

Butler tilkjenner den «opplyste egenkjærlighet» en viss funksjon i moralen, men det er samvittigheten, på grunnlag av hensikten med handlingen, som avgjør om denne er riktig eller gal, og som eventuelt gjør handlingen til plikt.} Gud sørger for at en slik plikthandling også får de konsekvenser som tjener den handlendes interesser på den beste måte.

Verker

  • Several letters to the Reverend Dr. Clarke, 1716, 1719, 1725
  • Fifteen sermons preached at the Rolls Chapel, 1726, 1729, 1736, 1749, 1759, 1765, 1769, 1774, 1792
  • The analogy of religion, 1736, 1740, 1750, 1754, 1764, 1765, 1771, 1775, 1785, 1788, 1791, 1793, 1796, 1798
  • A sermon preached before the Incorporated Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 1739
  • A sermon preached before the Right Honourable the Lord-Mayor, 1740
  • A sermon preached before the House of Lords, 1741, 1747
  • A sermon preached in the parish-church of Christ-Church, London, 1745
  • A sermon, preached before His Grace Charles Duke of Richmond, Lenox, and Aubigny, president, 1748, 1751
  • Six sermons preached upon publick occasions, 1749
  • A catalogue of the libraries [...], 1753
  • A charge delivered to the clergy at the primary visitation of the diocese of Durham, 1751, 1786

William Gladstone utgav Butlers prekener og The Analogy (I-II, Oxford 1896).

Litteratur

  • Austin Duncan-Jones: Butler's Moral Philosophy, Penguin 1952
  • Bernard Ramm: «Joseph Butler», i Varieties of Christian Apologetics: An Introduction to the Christian Philosophy of Religion, Baker Book House, Grand Rapids, 1962, ss. 107–124
  • James Rurak: "Butler's Analogy: A Still Interesting Synthesis of Reason and Revelation," Anglican Theological Review 62 (October), 1980, ss. 365–381
  • Colin Brown: Miracles and the Critical Mind, Paternoster, Exeter UK/William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1984
  • William Lane Craig: The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy, Texts and Studies in Religion, Vol. 23. Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, New York & Queenston, Ontario, 1985
  • Penelhum, Terence: Butler, New York: Routledge, 1985

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Internet Philosophy Ontology project, InPhO ID thinker/2737, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  2. ^ a b Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana, Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana-ID 0012965[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  3. ^ a b Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, Brockhaus Online-Enzyklopädie-id butler-joseph, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  4. ^ Social Networks and Archival Context, SNAC Ark-ID w6bp0n6c, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  5. ^ Gemeinsame Normdatei, GND-ID 118518119, besøkt 12. august 2015[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  6. ^ Find a Grave, Find a Grave-ID 27886315, besøkt 9. oktober 2017[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  7. ^ Gemeinsame Normdatei, besøkt 31. desember 2014[Hentet fra Wikidata]
  8. ^ White (2006), §8.
  9. ^ J. B. Schneewind, Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, s. 47.
  10. ^ John Henry Cardinal Newman, Apologia Pro Vita Sua. New York: Modern Library, 1950, s. 41. Originally published 1946.
  11. ^ C. D. Broad, Five Types of Ethical Theory. Paterson, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Co., 1959, s. 83. Originally published 1930.
  12. ^ Bra Böckers lexikon, 1973

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