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Global Warming Petition Project

Oregon Petition også kjent som Global Warming Petition Project og The petition project er en underskriftskampanje fra 1998[1] som oppfordrer USAs regjering til å trekke seg fra Kyoto-avtalen fra 1997 og alle tilsvarende avtaler. Kampanjen var utformet av klimaskeptikere for å skape forvirring eller uklarhet om vitenskapelig konsensus om klimaendring.[2][3] I 2016 var påstanden om manglende vitenskapelig basert på denne kampanjen en av de mest sirkulerte på sosiale media.[4]

Bak kampanjen sto det såkalte «Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine» (OISM).[5] Bak instituttet står eller sto biokjemikeren Arthur Robinson (som drev instituttet på sin ranch i Oregon) og virksomheten ble finansiert av blant andre hedgefondforvalteren Robert Mercer (senere kjent som innehaver av Cambridge Analytica).[6][7][8][9][10] OISM hadde på den tiden undersøkelsen ble utført seks ansatte som forsket på biokjemi, diagonistikk, ernæring, forebygging og molekylær biologi relatert til aldring samt overlevelseferdigheter etter atomkrig. Kampanjen ble sitert av blant andre Washington Post og Los Angeles Times som om OISM var et anerkjent institutt. Invitasjonen til å delta i underskriftskampanjen ble ledsaget av et upublisert artikkelmanus som argumenterte for at høyere CO2-nivå i atmosfæren var gunstig for menneskene. Artikkelmanuset var formattert slik at det så ut til være utgitt av anerkjente National Academy of Sciences.[11][12] I kampanjeteksten står bl.a.: «There is no convincing scientific evidense that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.». Oppropet samlet mer enn 31 000 underskrifter, alle signatørene er identifisert med navn. Av disse hadde flere enn 9 000 krysset av for å ha doktorgrad. Signatørene kunne også angi en fagtilhørighet. Det oppførte fordelte seg i følgende grupper:

  1. Atmospheric, environmental, and Earth sciences, 3 805 signatører.
  2. Computer and mathematical sciences, 935 signatører.
  3. Physics and aerospace sciences, 5 812 signatører.
  4. Chemistry, 4 822 signatører.
  5. Biology and agriculture, 2 965 signatører.
  6. Medicine, 3 046 signatører.
  7. Engineering and general science, 10 102 signatører..

Oppropet og en del signaturer regnes som upålitelig eller forfalskninger, og blant annet BBC skriver at det ikke er riktig at 31 000 akademikere har avvist klimaendringer. Enkelte av signaturene var klart falske, som for eksempel Geri Halliwell og Charles Darwin.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Blant de reelle signaturene hadde færre enn 1 % kompetanse i klimaforskning,[20][21] Williams og Bond oppgir at bare 39 av de 31 000 som signerte hadde utdannelse i klimatologi.[3] Strategien bak oppropet omtales som «falsk» eller en «tilsynelatende ekspert»-strategi, en desinformasjonstrategi som var blitt brukt av tobakksindustrien på 1970-tallet.[22][23] En undersøkelse fra 2021 viste at oppropte hadde influert amerikanske velgere mere ann andre desinformasjonskampanjer.[19]

Norsk presse

Oppropet ble omtalt i flere leserinnlegg som fornektet menneskers innflytelse på klimaendringene.[24] [25][26][27] ABC Nyheter omtalte også oppropets påstander redaksjonelt.[28]

Referanser

  1. ^ The petition project
  2. ^ Schmid-Petri, Hannah; Bürger, Moritz (22. september 2021). «The effect of misinformation and inoculation: Replication of an experiment on the effect of false experts in the context of climate change communication». Public Understanding of Science (engelsk): 09636625211024550. ISSN 0963-6625. doi:10.1177/09636625211024550. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  3. ^ a b Williams, Matt N.; Bond, Christina M. C. (1. august 2020). «A preregistered replication of “Inoculating the public against misinformation about climate change”». Journal of Environmental Psychology (engelsk). 70: 101456. ISSN 0272-4944. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101456. Besøkt 29. oktober 2021. «A notable example of misinformation about climate change is the “Oregon petition”—a petition arguing that there is no evidence that greenhouse gas emissions could cause disruption to the Earth's climate (“Global warming petition project,” n.d.). The petition claims to have over 31,000 signatories—although the summary of signatories by qualification on the petition website indicates that just 39 of these signatories have a formal educational qualification in climatology.» 
  4. ^ Lahsen, Myanna (juni 2020). «Should AI be Designed to Save Us From Ourselves?: Artificial Intelligence for Sustainability». IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. 2. 39: 60–67. ISSN 1937-416X. doi:10.1109/MTS.2020.2991502. Besøkt 29. oktober 2021. 
  5. ^ Cook, John; Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H. (5. mai 2017). «Neutralizing misinformation through inoculation: Exposing misleading argumentation techniques reduces their influence». PLOS ONE. 5 (engelsk). 12: e0175799. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5419564Åpent tilgjengelig. PMID 28475576. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175799. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  6. ^ Nast, Condé (17. mars 2017). «The Reclusive Hedge-Fund Tycoon Behind the Trump Presidency». The New Yorker (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  7. ^ Hinkle, Jeannette. «Trump to be honored by deniers of human-caused climate-change in Tucson». The Arizona Republic (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  8. ^ Engber, Daniel (12. oktober 2017). «The Grandfather Of Alt-Science». FiveThirtyEight (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  9. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (17. januar 2017). «Museum Trustee, a Trump Donor, Supports Groups That Deny Climate Change». The New York Times (engelsk). ISSN 0362-4331. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  10. ^ Schwartz, Brian (2. desember 2019). «Wealthy Mercer family spent millions on conservative causes in 2018 as they distanced themselves from Trump». CNBC (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  11. ^ Anderson, E. (2011). Democracy, Public Policy, and Lay Assessments of Scientific Testimony. Episteme, 8(2), 144-164. doi:10.3366/epi.2011.0013
  12. ^ Nakajima, Nina (1. oktober 2001). «Green Advertising and Green Public Relations as Integration Propaganda». Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 5 (engelsk). 21: 334–348. ISSN 0270-4676. doi:10.1177/027046760102100502. Besøkt 29. oktober 2021. 
  13. ^ Dunlap, R. E., & McCright, A. M. (2010). Climate change denial: sources, actors and strategies. In Routledge handbook of climate change and society (pp. 270-290). Routledge.
  14. ^ Lavik, Trygve (26. oktober 2016). «Climate change denial, freedom of speech and global justice». Etikk i praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics. 2 (engelsk): 75–90. ISSN 1890-4009. doi:10.5324/eip.v10i2.1923. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. «The Oregon petition was long ago exposed as a fraud. Most of the signers were not scientists at all, and many of them did not know that their names were on the list. Despite this, the Oregon petition is still very much alive (Monbiot 2006: 29-31). The Oregon petition is one example of the so-called “denial industry”.» 
  15. ^ Ortiz, Diego Arguedas (14. november 2018). «Could this be the cure for fake news?». www.bbc.com (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  16. ^ Walton, Alice G. (23. januar 2017). «'Psychological Vaccine' May Protect Against Fake News, Alternative Facts». Forbes (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  17. ^ «Doubt over climate science is a product with an industry behind it | Graham Readfearn». the Guardian (engelsk). 5. mars 2015. Besøkt 29. oktober 2021. 
  18. ^ Marshall, Michael Le Page and Michael (14. desember 2009). «Deniergate: Turning the tables on climate sceptics». New Scientist (engelsk). Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  19. ^ a b Lewandowsky, Stephan; van der Linden, Sander (3. juli 2021). «Countering Misinformation and Fake News Through Inoculation and Prebunking». European Review of Social Psychology. 2. 32: 348–384. ISSN 1046-3283. doi:10.1080/10463283.2021.1876983. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. «One potent online climate misinformation campaign is the “Global Warming Petition Project” (Cook et al., 2018). The petition engendered a viral misinformation story on social media in 2016 claiming that “tens of thousands of scientists have declared global warming a hoax” (Readfearn, 2016). In actuality, the petition was meaningless. The list contains no affiliations, making verification of signatories problematic (e.g., Charles Darwin and the Spice Girls were among the signatories; van der Linden, Leiserowitz, et al., 2017). .... Although the petition has been debunked repeatedly, it continues to sow confusion. In a national probability sample of the United States population, van der Linden, Leiserowitz, et al. (2017) found that amongst a wide range of fake claims, Americans were most persuaded by the debunked Oregon petition.» 
  20. ^ Holmes, D. C., & Richardson, L. M. (Eds.). (2020). Research handbook on communicating climate change. Edward Elgar Publishing, s. 81.
  21. ^ Linden, Sander van der; Leiserowitz, Anthony; Rosenthal, Seth; Maibach, Edward (2017). «Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change». Global Challenges. 2. 1: 1600008. ISSN 2056-6646. PMC 6607159Åpent tilgjengelig. PMID 31565263. doi:10.1002/gch2.201600008. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  22. ^ Pilkey, O. H., Pilkey, K. C., & Fraser, M. E. (2011). The Manufacture of Dissent The Global Warming Denial Lobby. In Global Climate Change (pp. 42-52). Duke University Press.
  23. ^ Lewandowsky, Stephan; Ecker, Ullrich K. H.; Cook, John (1. desember 2017). «Beyond Misinformation: Understanding and Coping with the “Post-Truth” Era». Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. 4 (engelsk). 6: 353–369. ISSN 2211-3681. doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2017.07.008. Besøkt 28. oktober 2021. 
  24. ^ Såkalte miljøbiler. Rogalands Avis 2007.09.08. s. 23. 
  25. ^ Klima og miljø. Fiskeribladet Fiskaren 2010.02.03. s. 19. 
  26. ^ Klimabløffen. Harstad Tidende 2015.08.10. s. 14. 
  27. ^ «Arnfinn Wiksaas og «the petition project»». an.no. 6. august 2021. 
  28. ^ Lene Johansen / ABC Nyheter (1. juni 2008). «Klimakrisen er avlyst». ABC Nyheter. Besøkt 29. oktober 2021. 

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