File

File
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LandEgypt
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File
24°01′18″N 32°53′20″Ø
File på Commons

File[a] er en øy midt i Nilen og det gamle stedet for et egyptisk tempelkompleks i øvre Egypt. Disse omgivelsene har tidligere blitt oversvømmet siden den innledende byggingen av Assuandammen (Aswan Low Dam) i 1902.[1] Tempelkomplekset ble senere tatt fra hverandre og satt sammen igjen på den nærliggende Agilkiaøya som en del av UNESCOs Nubiakampanjeprosjekt for å beskytte dette og andre oldtidsbyggverk før fullførelsen Assuandammen (Aswan High Dam) i 1970.[2]

Filetempelet sett fra Nilen.

Turisme

Trajans kiosk i tempelet.
Assuandammen.

Oldtidstemplene på øya File tiltrakk seg oppmerksomhet på 1800-tallet. I 1820-årene besøkte Joseph Bonomi d.y., en britisk egyptolog og museumsintendent, øya. Det samme gjorde Amelia Edwards, en britisk romanforfatter, i årene 1873–1874. Snart ble turisme til denne og lignende steder vanlig.

Assuandammen

På 1900-tallet bygde man en etterhvert enorm demning her, som skapte Assuandammen. Denne truet med å drukne mange antikke landemerker, blant annet Filekomplekset. Dammen ble forhøyet to ganger, og øya File var deretter nesten alltid under vann. Faktum er at komplekset bare klarte seg unna oversvømmelse når demningslukene stod åpne mellom juli og oktober.

Man foreslo derfor at templene skulle flyttes, stein for stein, til nærliggende øyer, om Bigeh eller Elefantine, men i stedet styrket man grunnen og støttet bygningene. Til tross for at bygningene var fysisk sikret, ble øyas attraktive vegetasjon spylt vekk og fargen på templenes relieffer bleknet hen. Snart trengte og salt og annet inn i templenes tegl.

I 1960 besluttet Unesco å flytte flere truede steder langs Nilen til sikrere steder. Files tempelkompleks ble flyttet stein for stein, til Agilkai 550 meter bortenfor, der det ble oppført på nytt og kan besøkes. Prosjektet pågikk mellom 1977 og 1980.

Fotnoter

Type nummerering
  1. ^ latin: Philae, gresk: Pilai, koptisk: Pilak eller arabisk: P'aaleq

Referanser

  1. ^ Murray, Tim (2007): Milestones in Archaeology: a Chronological Encyclopedia, P464, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-186-3
  2. ^ «The Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites», UNESCO

Litteratur

  • Arnold, Dieter (1999): Temples of the Last Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512633-4.
  • Dijkstra, Jitse H. F. (2008): Philae and the End of Ancient Egyptian Religion. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-2031-6.
  • Haeny, Gerhard (1985): «A Short Architectural History of Philae» i: Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale. 85.
  • Kockelmann, Hölger (2012): «Philae» i: Dieleman, Jacco; Wendrich, Willeke: UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Los Angeles.
  • Vassilika, Eleni (1989): Ptolemaic Philae. Peeters. ISBN 978-90-6831-200-3.

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