Duma (episk sang)

Kossaker med en kobza

Duma (ukrainsk: дума, flertall: dumy) – er én av sjangrene innen ukrainsk kultur; lyrisk-episke verk av ukrainsk folkeminne om hendelser fra livet til kosakkene på 1500- og 1700-tallet. Kosakk duma er en sjanger av rent ukrainsk resitativ folkemusikk og heroisk epos, som ble fremført av omreisende sanger-musikere: kobzarer, banduryster, lyrespillere i Sentral- og Venstrebreddsukraina.[1][2]

Dumy var bygget rundt historiske hendelser, mange omhandlet militære handlinger i noen former. Innebygd i disse historiske hendelsene var religiøse og moralistiske elementer. Det er temaer for kosakkenes kamp mot fiender av forskjellige trosretninger eller hendelser som skjer på religiøse høytidsdager. Til tross dumy fortellinger hovedsakelig dreier seg om krig – fremmer ikke dumy i seg selv mot i kamp. Dumy formidler et moralsk budskap der man bør oppføre seg ordentlig i forholdet til familien, samfunnet og kirken. Kobzariene spilte imidlertid ikke bare religiøse sanger og dumy. De spilte også «satiriske sanger (noen ganger åpenlyst scabrous); dansemelodier; enten med eller uten ord; lyriske sanger; og historiske sanger».

Under Holodomor på 1930-tallet, som førte til at millioner av ukrainske bønder sultet, ble duma-tradisjonen også undertrykt. I 1939 inviterte Josef Stalin de gjenværende blinde dumy-sangerne fra den SSSR til et møte med en konsert og konferanse og fikk dem henrettet. Samlinger av dumy med etnografisk verdi ble også ødelagt og sensurert, inkludert samlinger av Kateryna Hrusjevska og Porphyrij Demutsjkyj. Den ukrainske nasjonaldikteren Taras Sjevtsjenko, ga ut den nasjonalromantiske diktsamlingen Kobzar, der flere av diktene ble kalt dumy. Taras Sjevtsjenko ble født som livegen i en tid da Lillerussland var en del av Det russiske imperiet og da ukrainsk kun var tillatt offentlig i folklore-sammenheng. Taras Sjevtsjensko regnes som grunnleggeren av det moderne ukrainske språket og kalles ofte «Velykyj Kobzar» («Den store kobzaren»).

Litteratur

Referanser

  1. ^ «Duma». Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. 
  2. ^ «Ду́мка (ду́ма)». Літературознавчий словник - довідник. 
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