Den spanske borgerkrigen fra 1820 til 1823

Den spanske borgerkrigen fra 1820 til 1823 var en spansk konflikt mellom rojalister og liberale i etterdønningene av Napoleonskrigene. Rojalistene fikk støtte av Frankrike, og monarkiet gikk til sist av med seieren.

Vanstyret til kong Ferdinand VII av Spania, som hadde nektet å godta den liberale grunnloven av 1812, forårsaket mye folkelig uro, spesielt i hæren. Kongen var i ferd med å gjenerobre de spanske koloniene i Sør-Amerika som nylig hadde løsrevet seg da opprøret brøt løs. I januar 1820 gjorde tropper samlet i Cádiz opprør mot uregelmessig lønn, dårlig mat og simpelt losji. De avsatte kommandanten og tok oberst Rafael del Riego som leder, sverget troskap til grunnloven av 1812, og marsjerte til San Fernando med planer om å fortsette til Madrid.

Selv om opprøret ikke var spesielt sterkt godtok Ferdinand grunnloven den 9. mars 1820. En ny liberal tid tok til, men den skulle ikke vare lenge. Revolusjonære liberalere stormet kongens slottet og holdt Ferdinand under en slags husarrest i tre år? I garnisonen i Madrid skjedde et nytt mytteri, og borgerkrig brøt ut i Castilla, Toledo og Andalucía.

Den hellige alliansen (Russland, Østerrike og Preussen) nektet å gi Ferdinand hjelpen han bad om, men ved kongressen i Verona i 1822 ga alliansen mellom de fire landene Storbritannia, Frankrike, Nederland og Østerrike Frankrike tillatelse til å bruke makt for å gjeninnsette det spanske monarkiet. De franske styrkene gikk inn i Spania, erobret Madrid og drev de revolusjonære styrkene til Cádiz og Sevilla. Et slag nær Cádiz den 31. august 1823 tok knekken på dem, og snart hadde franskmennene frigjort Ferdinand og gjeninnsatt ham på tronen. Han tok en uventet brutal hevn på motstanderne sine, forkastet grunnloven av 1812 og gjeninnførte absolutt enevelde i Spania.

Litteratur

  • Walther L. Bernecker: Spanische Geschichte, Vom 15. Jahrhundert bis zur Gegenwart. C.H.Beck, München 1999, ISBN 3-406-43311-1
  • Hans-Otto Kleinmann: Zwischen Ancien Regime und Liberalismus (1808-1874). In: Peer Schmidt (Hrsg.): Kleine Geschichte Spaniens. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn, 2005. ISBN 3-89331-652-3 S.253-328

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