Caledonia

«Caledonia» har flere betydninger.
Kart som viser grensene for de romerske murene i Skottland. Landet nord for disse betraktet romerne som «Caledonia».

Caledonia er det latinske navnet som ble gitt av Romerriket for den nordligste delen av Storbritannia. Bruken av navnet blir noen ganger benyttet spesielt til området nord for Den antoninske mur, men benyttes oftest som synonymt med det samme området som i dag representerer Skottland.

Navnet er avledet fra en piktisk stamme navngitt av romerne, Caledonii, en av flere i området, kanskje den dominerende. Deres navn kan bli funnet i «Dùn Chailleann», et skotsk-gælisk ord for byen Dunkeld, og «Sidh Chailleann» for fjellet Schiehallion, «Alve(bakken) til kaledonierne».

Det moderne bruken av begrepet Caledonia på engelsk og skotsk er som regel en romantisk eller poetisk navn for Skottland. Skottland er i seg selv avledet fra Scotia, den latinske navnet for Irland, og nordlige irske stammer, «skotere», innvandret eller invaderte vestkysten av Skottland på 500-tallet e.Kr. og dannet etterhvert kongedømmet Dalriada i konkurranse med den piktiske befolkningen i hva som kalles for Piktland. Med tiden ble skoterne og pikterne forent som ett folk, skottere, kanskje på grunn av presset fra en tredje folkegruppe nordfra, norrøne, hovedsakelig fra Norge.

Den kaledonske fjellkjede er oppkalt etter Caledonia som grovt sett går fra Skottland, gjennom Norge og ender i Svalbard.

Ny-Caledonia er et fransk territorium i Stillehavet, navngitt av James Cook i 1774.

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