Pertempuran Ajnadain

Pertempuran Ajnadain
معركة أجنادين
Sebahagian daripada Penaklukan Levant oleh Muslim
dan Perang Arab-Byzantine
TarikhJuly 30, 634[1]
Lokasi
Ajnadain
Keputusan Kemenangan Khulafah al-Rasyidin muktamad
Perubahan
wilayah
Syria Selatan dan Palestin ditakluki Muslim[2]
Pihak yang terlibat
Empayar Byzantine Khulafah al-Rasyidin
Komandan dan pemimpin
Vardan
(Gabenor Emesa)
Cubicularius (tidak dikenali)
Theodore, adik Heraclius
Khalid bin al-Walid
Amr bin al-As
Abu Ubaidah bin al-Jarrah
Syurahbil bin Hasanah
Yazid bin Abu Sufyan
Kekuatan
9,000 - 90,000
(anggaran moden)
90,000 - 100,000[3]
(sumber primer)

15,000[4] – 20,000[5]
(modern estimates)

32,000 (Al-Waqidi)[6][7]
Kerugian dan korban
50,000 (Al-Waqidi),[6][7]
anggaran moden tidak diketahui.
575 (Al-Waqidi)[6][7]

Pertempuran Ajnadain (Arab: معركة أجنادين), berlangsung pada 30 Julai 634 M, pada tempat yang tidak diketahui, berkemungkinan besar di Palestin. Pertempuran ini merupakan pertempuran besar pertama yang berlaku antara tentera Empayar Byzantine (atau Rum) dengan Khulafah al-Rasyidin. Pertempuran berakhir dengan kemenangan muktamad bagi tentera Muslim.

Perincian pertempuran ini kebanyakannya tercatat dalam sumber-sumber Muslim, seperti al-Waqidi, seorang sejarawan abad ke-9 M.

Latar belakang

Mengikut David Nicolle, tentera al-Rasyidin bertolak dari Madinah (berkemungkinan pada musim luruh 633 M, ataupun pada awal tahun 634 M) dan mula-mula bertemu dan mengalahkan Byzantine dalam Pertempuran Dathin pada 4 Februari, yakni selepas Maharaja Heraclius yang pada masa itu berada di Emessa, Bilad al-Syam atau Syria, menghantar tentera ke selatan bagi memperkukuhkan pertahanan wilayah Caesarea Maritima. Sebagai tindak balas, berkemungkinan panglima tentera al-Rasyidin, Khalid bin al-Walid diperintah mengendalakan operasinya menentang tentera Empayar Sasan dan pergi ke al-Syam/Syria. Ini berkesudahan dengan pertembungan Khalid dengan pihak Ghassan yang bersekutu dengan pihak Byzantine. Khalid berjaya mengalahkan tentera Ghassan menjelang 24 April dan ini membolehkan beliau memasuki Bosra tanpa menghadapi banyak tentangan. Pada masa ini Khalid bertemu beberapa pasukan yang dipimpin jeneral-jeneral Muslim lain seperti Yazid bin Abu Sufyan, Amr bin al-As and Shurahbil Ibn Hasanah.[8]

Khalid bergabung dengan ketumbukan Amr di suatu tempat yang secara tradisinya dikenali sebagai Ajnadain.[8] Tiada ahli geografi dapat menentukan ada tempat bernama itu, dan berkemungkinan besar perkataan itu campuran perkataan majmuk bahasa Arab, adjinad (iaitu "tentera-tentera").[9] Apapun, sumber-sumber Arab meletakkan medan pertempuran di Wadi al-Samt.[1]

Mengikut sumber-sumber primer, kekuatan tentera Muslim seramai 20,000 orang sementara tentera Byzantine pula seramai 100,000 anggota.

Nota

  1. ^ a b W. E. Kaegi, Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests, 1992, p. 98
  2. ^ Irfan Shahid (1996). Review of Walter E. Kaegi (1992), Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (4), p. 784.
  3. ^ Muslim historian Al-Waqidi places the army's strength at around 90,000 - 100,000.
  4. ^ D. Nicolle, Yarmuk 636 AD - The Muslim Conquest of Syria, 1994, p. 43: gives 15,000-18,000
  5. ^ David Morray "Ajnadain, battle of" The Oxford Companion to Military History. Ed. Richard Holmes. Oxford University Press, 2001. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press: gives 20,000.
  6. ^ a b c Al-Waqidi, Book 1, page 42.
  7. ^ a b c Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, page 467. Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi. ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
  8. ^ a b D. Nicolle 1994, p. 46
  9. ^ H. A. R. Gibb, s.v. "Adjanadayn", pp. 208-209, in H. A. R. Gibb, J. H. Kramers, E. Lévi-Provençal & J. Schacht (eds.), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. 1, Brill, Leiden, 1986.

Rujukan

  • Akram, Agha Ibrahim (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Rawalpindi.
  • Morray, David (2001). "Ajnadain, battle of". Dalam Richard Holmes (penyunting). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press.

Koordinat: 31°41′N 34°57′E / 31.683°N 34.950°E / 31.683; 34.950

Read other articles:

Untuk suku Epirot kuno Molossia, lihat Suku Molossia. Republik MolossiaNegara mikro Bendera Lambang Semboyan: Nothing ventured, nothing gained(Indonesia: Tak ada usaha, tak ada hasil)Lagu kebangsaan: Fair Molossia is our home(Indonesia: Molossia yang adil adalah rumah kami)Ibu kotaBaughstonBahasa resmiInggrisEsperanto[1]Spanyol[2]Struktur OrganisasiRepublik Presidensial[3] di bawah kediktatoran secara de facto• Presiden Kevin Baugh• Wakil Presid...

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أغسطس 2019) الدوري الإيطالي 1949–50 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري الإيطالي  النسخة 48  البلد إيطاليا  التاريخ بداية:11 سبتم...

 

Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Topan Khanun. Artikel ini mendokumentasikan suatu badai tropis besar terkini. Informasi mengenai hal itu dapat berubah dengan cepat jika informasi lebih lanjut tersedia; laporan berita dan sumber-sumber primer lainnya mungkin tidak bisa diandalkan. Pembaruan terakhir untuk artikel ini mungkin tidak mencerminkan informasi terkini mengenai badai tropis besar ini untuk semua bidang. Silakan mengacu kepada layanan cuaca setempat Anda atau saluran media untuk infor...

Rai PubblicitàLogo Stato Italia Forma societariaSocietà per azioni Fondazione9 aprile 1926 a Milano Sede principaleTorino GruppoRAI - Radiotelevisione italiana Persone chiave Antonio Marano: amministratore delegato Luciano Flussi: direttore generale[1] Settoretelecomunicazioni ProdottiSpazi pubblicitari su: Mezzi di comunicazione (radio, tv, web) della Rai Piattaforme (analogica, digitale terrestre, satellitare, Ip-Tv, mobile) della Rai 450 schermi cinematografici di prima ...

 

Football league seasonCopa PerúSeason1976ChampionsCoronel BolognesiTop goalscorerJaime Valdivia (9)← 1975 1977 → The 1976 Copa Perú season (Spanish: Copa Perú 1976), the promotion tournament of Peruvian football. In this tournament after many qualification rounds, each one of the 24 departments in which Peru is politically divided, qualify a team. Those teams plus de team relegated from First Division on the last year, enter in two more rounds and finally 6 of them qualify for the Fina...

 

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Marcello Crescenzi (disambigua). Marcello Crescenzicardinale di Santa Romana ChiesaAmbito abruzzese sec. XVIII, Ritratto del cardinale Marcello Crescenzi  Incarichi ricoperti Arcivescovo titolare di Nazianzo (1739-1743) Nunzio apostolico in Francia (1739-1743) Vice-Legato di Avignone (1739) Legato apostolico di Ferrara (1743-1746)(1761-1766) Cardinale presbitero di Santa Maria in Traspontina (1743-1768) Arcivescovo di Ferrara ...

Emile Griffith Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Altezza 171 cm Pugilato Categoria Pesi welter e Pesi medi Termine carriera 30 luglio 1977 CarrieraIncontri disputati Totali 112 Vinti (KO) 85 (23) Persi (KO) 24 (2) Pareggiati 2   Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Emile Alphonse Griffith (Saint Thomas, 3 febbraio 1938 – Hempstead, 23 luglio 2013) è stato un pugile statunitense, originario delle Isole Vergini. Campione mondiale nelle categorie dei pesi welter e medi, è stato il pr...

 

This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) British Vehicle Rental and Leasing Association (BVRLA)The BVRLA's current public-facing logoIndustryAutomotiveFounded1967HeadquartersAmersham, EnglandKey peopleGerry Keaney (Chief Executive)Nina Bell(Chairm...

 

Black Panther: Wakanda ForeverPoster rilis bioskopSutradaraRyan CooglerProduser Kevin Feige Nate Moore Skenario Ryan Coogler Joe Robert Cole CeritaRyan CooglerBerdasarkanMarvel ComicsPemeran Letitia Wright Lupita Nyong'o Danai Gurira Winston Duke Florence Kasumba Dominique Thorne Michaela Coel Tenoch Huerta Martin Freeman Julia Louis-Dreyfus Angela Bassett Penata musikLudwig GöranssonSinematograferAutumn Durald ArkapawPenyunting Michael P. Shawver Kelley Dixon Jennifer Lame Perusahaanp...

آرون بوبندزا   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 7 أغسطس 1996 (العمر 27 سنة)مواندا  الطول 1.80 م (5 قدم 11 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية الغابون  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي نادي الشباب الرقم 9 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق –2015 سي إف مونانا المسيرة الاحترافية1 سنوات فريق م. (هـ.) 2015–2...

 

Location of Linn County in Oregon This list presents the full set of buildings, structures, objects, sites, or districts designated on the National Register of Historic Places in Linn County, Oregon, and offers brief descriptive information about each of them. The National Register recognizes places of national, state, or local historic significance across the United States.[1] Out of over 90,000 National Register sites nationwide,[2] Oregon is home to over 2,000,[3] ...

 

Species of butterfly Violet-eyed evening brown In Adalbert Seitz's Fauna Africana Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Genus: Melanitis Species: M. libya Binomial name Melanitis libyaDistant, 1882[1] Synonyms Melanitis libya nyassae Bartel, 1905 Melanitis libya f. pinheyi van Son, 1962 Melanitis libya, the violet-eyed evening brown, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is fou...

Conceptual aircraft design by Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin X-44 redirects here. For the UAV, see Lockheed Martin X-44 (UAV). MANTA redirects here. For other uses, see Manta. X-44 MANTA Artist's concept of the X-44 in flight Role Experimental tailless aircraftType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Lockheed Martin Status Proposed design, canceled Developed from Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor The Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA (Multi-Axis No-Tail Aircraft) was an American concep...

 

Outline of American television programming broadcast between mid-morning and late afternoon For further information about the genre and daytime television programs broadcast worldwide, see Daytime television. This article is part of a US culture series on theTelevision of the United StatesAmerican family watching TV in 1958 Timeline Networks History Prewar broadcasting Golden Age Network era Multi-channel transition New Golden Age Post-network era Streaming wars History by decade History of: ...

 

Ƭ

Latin letter T with hook Latin T with hook The letter Ƭ (minuscule: ƭ), called T with hook, is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on the letter t. It is used in the Serer language. Its lower case form, ƭ, formerly represented a voiceless alveolar implosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet. The uppercase is in the Latin Extended-B range and the lowercase is in the IPA range. Encoding In Unicode, the majuscule and the minuscule are located at U+01AC Ƭ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ...

American politician Adolfo CarriònCommissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and DevelopmentIncumbentAssumed office January 30, 2022MayorEric AdamsPreceded byLouise CarrollDirector of the White House Office of Urban AffairsIn officeFebruary 2009 – May 3, 2010PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byDerek Douglas (acting)12th Borough President of The BronxIn officeJanuary 1, 2002 – February 26, 2009Preceded byFernando ...

 

Water poloat the Games of the XXVI OlympiadTournament detailsHost country United StatesCityAtlantaVenue(s)Georgia Tech Aquatic CenterDates20 July 1996 (1996-07-20) – 28 July 1996 (1996-07-28)Event1 (men's)Teams12 (from 3 confederations)Competitors153Final positionsChampions Spain (1st title)Runners-up CroatiaThird place ItalyFourth place HungaryTournament statisticsMatches48Multipleappearances5-time Olympian(s): 14-time Olympian(s...

 

Partido Comunista de las Tierras VascasEuskal Herrialdeetako Alderdi Komunista Presidente sin etiquetarSecretario/a general Juan Carlos RamosPortavoz parlamentario Nekane ErauskinFundación 29 de julio de 2002Ilegalización 18 de septiembre de 2008Disolución 2008Ideología Izquierda abertzaleComunismoNacionalismo vascoIndependentismoPosición IzquierdaSede San SebastiánPaís EspañaSitio web ehak.blogspot.comIlegalizado por su vinculación con Batasuna y ETA.[editar datos en Wikidata&#...

Regno di Francia (dettagli) (dettagli) Motto: La Nation, la Loi, le Roi Regno di Francia - Localizzazione Dati amministrativiNome completoRegno di Francia Nome ufficialeRoyaume de France Lingue ufficialifrancese Lingue parlatefrancese CapitaleParigi  (640.000 ab. / 1791) Dipendenze India francese, Saint-Domingue, Guyana francese PoliticaForma di governoMonarchia costituzionale Roi des FrançaisLuigi XVI di Francia Organi deliberativiAssemblea nazionale legislativa Nascita1...

 

Disambiguazione – Il dottor Stranamore rimanda qui. Se stai cercando il romanzo, vedi Il dottor Stranamore (romanzo). Il dottor Stranamore - Ovvero: come ho imparato a non preoccuparmi e ad amare la bombaSterling Hayden nel ruolo del generale psicopatico Jack D. RipperTitolo originaleDr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Lingua originaleinglese, russo Paese di produzioneStati Uniti d'America, Regno Unito Anno1964 Durata94 min Dati tecniciB/Nrappor...