Perang Kemerdekaan Algeria

Perang Algeria
الثورة الجزائرية
Tagrawla Tadzayrit
Guerre d'Algérie
Sebahagian daripada Perang Dingin dan penyahjajahan Afrika

Collage of the French war in Algeria
Tarikh1 November 1954 – 19 Mac 1962
(7 tahun, 4 bulan, 2 minggu dan 4 hari)
Lokasi
Algeria
Keputusan Buntu perang,[1][2][3][4]
kemenangan politik bagi FLN,
Perjanjian Évian,
negara Algeria merdeka,
Berakhirnya empayar jajahan Perancis[5][6][7]
Runtuhnya Republik Perancis Keempat kemudiannya pembentukan Republik Perancis Kelima
Perubahan
wilayah		 Independence of Algeria
Pihak yang terlibat
FLN
MNA
PCA		  France FAF
(1960–61)
OAS
(1961–62)
Komandan dan pemimpin
Mourad Didouche  †
Mustapha Benboulaïd  †
Larbi Ben M'Hidi Dihukum mati
Ali La Pointe  †
Ahmed Zabana Dihukum mati
Youcef Zighoud  †
Benali Boudghène  †
Bachir Chihani [ar; fr]  †
Ali Mallah [ar]  †
Colonel Amirouche  †
Saadi Yacef
Ahli politik:
Abane Ramdane  †
Ferhat Abbas
Houari Boumedienne
Hocine Aït Ahmed
Ahmed Ben Bella
Krim Belkacem
Frantz Fanon
Rabah Bitat
Mohamed Boudiaf
Ali Kafi
Ahmed Tewfik El Madani
Ahmed Francis
Mohamed Khider
Benyoucef Benkhedda
Abdelhamid Mehri
Mohamed Lamine Debaghine
Saad Dahlab
Mohammed Seddik Benyahia
Amar Ouamrane [ar; de; fa; fr]
Lakhdar Ben Tobbal
Abdelhafid Boussouf
Saïd Mohammedi
Ibrahim Mazhoudi		 Alphonse Djamate (1955–62)
Paul Cherrière (1954–55)
Henri Lorillot (1955–56)
Raoul Salan (1956–58)
Jacques Massu (1956–60)
Paul Aussaresses
Maurice Challe (1958–60)
Jean Crepin (1960–61)
Fernand Gambiez (1961)		 Said Boualam
Pierre Lagaillarde
Raoul Salan
Edmond Jouhaud
Jean-Jacques Susini
Kekuatan
300,000 dikenalpasti 40,000 orang awam 470,000 (maksimum dicapai dan dikekalkan dari 1956 hingga 1962)[8]
1.5 million total mobilized[9]
more than 90,000 Harkis		 3,000 (OAS)
Kerugian dan korban
140,000[10] hingga 152,863 anggota FLN[11][12] termasuk 12,000 hukuman buang[13]

25,600 terkorban[14]

  • 19,600 terkorban dalam pertempuran
  • 6,000 mati di luar medan perang
65,000 cedera
  • 100 terkorban (OAS)
    2,000 dipenjarakan (OAS)

300,000 (including 55,000 to 60,000 civilians)[15] Algerian casualties
1 juta warga Eropah terpaksa melarikan diri[16]

2 juta warga Algeria dipindahkan[17][18]

Perang Kemerdekaan Algeria, juga dikenali sebagai Perang Algeria ataupun Revolusi Algeria (Arab: الثورة الجزائرية Ath-Thawra Al-Jazā’iriyya; Perancis: Guerre d'Algérie) ialah peperangan antara Perancis dan gerakan-gerakan kemerdekaan Algeria dari tahun 1954 hingga 1962 yang membawa kepada kemerdekaan Algeria daripada pemerintahan Perancis. Sebuah perang pembebasan yang penting, perang ini merupakan sebuah konflik yang kompleks yang ditandai peperangan gerila, pertempuran maquis, terorisme, penggunaan penyiksaan oleh kedua-dua pihak, dan operasi anti-pengganas. Konflik ini juga merupakan perang saudara antara orang Algeria yang setai dengan Algeria Perancis dan lawan mereka, para pemberontak Muslim Algeria.[19]

Latar belakang

Strategi perang

Kesan terhadap politik Algeria

Rujukan

  1. ^ The Algerian War 1954–62, By Martin Windrow, Mike Chappell, page 11
  2. ^ Introduction to Comparative Politics, By Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, William Joseph, page 108
  3. ^ Contracting States: Sovereign Transfers in International Relations, By Alexander Cooley, Hendrik Spruyt, page 63
  4. ^ Christian A. Herter: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy By George Bernard Noble, page 155
  5. ^ Alec G. Hargreaves (2005). Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism. Lexington Books. m/s. 1. ISBN 978-0-7391-0821-5. The death knell of the French empire was sounded by the bitterly fought Algerian war of independence, which ended in 1962.
  6. ^ "The French defeat in the war effectively signaled the end of the French Empire" Collective Memory: France and the Algerian War (1954–1962) Jo McCormack – 2010 [1]
    Paul Allatson; Jo McCormack (2008). Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities. Rodopi. m/s. 117. ISBN 978-90-420-2406-9. The Algerian War came to an end in 1962, and with it closed some 130 years of French colonial presence in Algeria (and North Africa). With this outcome, the French Empire, celebrated in pomp in Paris in the Exposition coloniale of 1931 and exalted in de Gaulle's description of “la France de Dunkerque à Tlemcen” [Greater France stretching from Dunkerque to Tlemcen], received its decisive death blow.
  7. ^ Yves Beigbeder (2006). Judging War Crimes And Torture: French Justice And International Criminal Tribunals And Commissions (1940-2005). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. m/s. 35. ISBN 978-90-04-15329-5. The independence of Algeria in 1962, after a long and bitter war, marked the end of the French empire are just some of the reasons why France has preferred to look towards a Eurocentric future, rather than confront the painful aspects of its colonial past.
  8. ^ Martin Windrow, The Algerian War 1954–62. p. 17
  9. ^ http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2012/03/19/10001-20120319ARTFIG00743-algerie-une-guerre-d-appeles.php
  10. ^ Travis, Hannibal (2013). Genocide, Ethnonationalism, and the United Nations: Exploring the Causes of Mass Killing Since 1945. Routledge. m/s. 137.
  11. ^ [2] Page 6 "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans gives the figure of 152,863 FLN killed"
  12. ^ [3] Diarkibkan 2016-11-07 di Wayback Machine "The Algerian Ministry of War Veterans calculates 152,863 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) deaths(french sources), and although the death toll among Algerian civilians may never be accurately known estimate of 1500000 to 2000000 were killed Page 576
  13. ^ A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 – Alistair Horne – P358 (4,300 Algerian from the FLN and MNA killed in metropolitan France)
  14. ^ Stapleton, T.J. (2013). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 1–272. ISBN 9780313395703. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.
  15. ^ From "Algeria: War of independence". Mass Atrocity Endings.:

    He also argues that the least controversial of all the numbers put forward by various groups are those concerning the French soldiers, where government numbers are largely accepted as sound. Most controversial are the numbers of civilians killed. On this subject, he turns to the work of Meynier, who, citing French army documents (not the official number) posits the range of 55,000–60,000 deaths. Meynier further argues that the best number to capture the harkis deaths is 30,000. If we add to this, the number of European civilians, which government figures posit as 2,788.

    Meynier's work cited was: Meynier,, Gilbert. "Histoire intérieure du FLN. 1954–1962".CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)

  16. ^ Cutts, M.; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2000). The State of the World's Refugees, 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action. Oxford University Press. m/s. 38. ISBN 9780199241040. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13. Referring to Evans, Martin. 2012. Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
  17. ^ "Algeria – The Revolution and Social Change". countrystudies.us. Dicapai pada 2017-01-13.
  18. ^ Windrow, Martin (1997-11-15). The Algerian War 1954–62. m/s. 13. ISBN 1 85532 658 2.
  19. ^ Guy Pervillé, Pour une histoire de la guerre d´Algérie, chap. "Une double guerre civile", Picard, 2002, pp.132–139

Pautan luar

Ikon tunas

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Ikon tunas

Rencana berkaitan Afrika ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.