Palaeoanthropus neanderthalensisH. s. neanderthalensis
Neanderthal (sebutan bahasa Inggeris: /neɪˈændərtɑːl/, juga dengan /niː-/ dan /-θɔːl/), atau Neandertal, ialah anggota genus Homo yang telah pupus dan berasal dari zaman Pleistosen. Spesimennya ditemui di Eropah dan Asia Barat dan Tengah. Neanderthal dapat diklasifikan sebagai subspesies manusia (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) atau spesies yang berlainan (Homo neanderthalensis).[1] Jejak proto-Neanderthal pertama muncul di Eropah 600,000 sehingga 350,000 tahun yang lalu.[2]
Rujukan
^Tattersall I, Schwartz JH (1999). "Hominids and hybrids: the place of Neanderthals in human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (13): 7117–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117. PMID10377375. on the view that these distinctive hominids merit species recognition in their own right as Homo neanderthalensis (e.g., refs. 4 and 5), at least as many still regard them as no more than a strange variant of our own species, Homo sapiens (6, 7) Available on-line
^J. L. Bischoff; dll. (2003). "The Sima de los Huesos Hominids Date to Beyond U/Th Equilibrium (>350 kyr) and Perhaps to 400–500 kyr: New Radiometric Dates". J. Archaeol. Sci. 30 (30): 275. doi:10.1006/jasc.2002.0834. Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (bantuan)
BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "mated with modern humans": A hybrid skeleton showing features of both Neanderthal and early modern humans has been discovered, challenging the theory that our ancestors drove Neanderthals to extinction', BBC (April 21, 1999)
BBC.co.uk - 'Neanderthals "had hands like ours": The popular image of Neanderthals as clumsy, backward creatures has been dealt another blow', Helen Briggs, BBC (March 27, 2003)
UniZH.ch - 'Comparing Neanderthals and modern humans: Neanderthals differ from anatomically modern Homo sapiens in a suite of cranial features' (cranio-facial reconstructions), Institut für Informatik der Universität Zürich
WebShots.com - 'IMG_6922 The Neandertal foot prints' (photo of ~25K years old fossilized footprints discovered in 1970 on volcanic layers near Demirkopru Dam Reservoir, Manisa, Turkey)
