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McCarthyism merujuk kepada tindakan penuduhan pihak tertentu sebagai menderhaka kepada negara secara melulu tanpa mementingkan adanya bahan bukti yang cukup, terutamanya dalam konteks politik Amerika Syarikat.^[1] Istilah ini asalnya merujuk kepada Senator Negeri Wisconsin pada ketika itu, Joseph McCarthy yang sangat dikenali atas pendakwaan bahwa banya golongan berfahaman Komunis dan sekutu Soviet telah menembusi segenap institusi dalam Amerika Syarikart termasuk pemerintah persekutuan, universiti, industri perfilemannya dan sebagainya. Ia banyak merebak sewaktu Ketakutan Merah Kedua yang berlarutan dari lewat tahun 1940-an sehingga tahun 1950-an^[2] dengan munculnya penindasan politik serta kempen menzahirkan rasa takut akan pengaruh Komunisme dan agen-agen Soviet ke atas pemerintahan negara tersebut.^[2]

Pada masa McCarthy, ribuan orang Amerika Syarikat dituduh komunis atau simpatisan komunis dan menjadi subjek penyelidikan agresif dan interogasi di hadapan panel, suruhanjaya, dan lembaga pemerintah atau swasta. Target utama dugaan komunis ini adalah karyawan pemerintah, terutama karyawan industri hiburan, pengajar, dan aktivis kesatuan pekerja. Tuduhan komunis biasanya dianggap benar meski buktinya tidak lengkap atau dipertanyakan, dan level ancaman dalam keterkaitan atau kepercayaan kiri seseorang (baik asli atau dugaan saja) sering kali dilebih-lebihkan. Banyak orang yang kehilangan pekerjaan dan/atau kariernya hancur; beberapa di antaranya bahkan dipenjara. Sebagian besar hukuman lewat sidang pengadilan ini akhirnya dibatalkan,^[3] hukum-hukumnya dinyatakan tidak selaras perlembagaan,^[4] penolakan atas alasan tak jelas dianggap ilegal^[5] atau tindakan dapat dilanjutkan,^[6] atau prosedur luar undang-undang yang semakin tidak populer.

Contoh terkenal McCarthyism adalah ucapan, siasatan, dan sidang dengar pendapat Senator McCarthy itu sendiri; senarai hitam Hollywood yang dikaitkan dengan sidang dengar pendapat oleh House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC); dan berbagai kegiatan anti-komunis Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) di bawah pimpinan J. Edgar Hoover. McCarthyisme merupakan fenomena sosial dan budaya besar yang mengesan dampak pada seluruh ranah masyarakat dan menjadi sumber perdebatan dan konflik utama di Amerika Syarikat.

Orang disoal siasat

Sejumlah tokoh terkenal yang pernah masuk daftar hitam atau mengalami pengucilan pada masa McCarthyism adalah:

Nelson Algren, penulis^[7]
Lucille Ball, pelakon, model, dan eksekutif studio film
Alvah Bessie, Abraham Lincoln Brigade, penulis dan wartawan - Hollywood Ten
Elmer Bernstein, dirigen, penggubah lagu^[8]
Leonard Bernstein, konduktor, pianis, penggubah lagu^[9]
David Bohm, ahli fizik, filsuf^[10]
Bertolt Brecht, penyair, pelakon, penulis skrip
Archie Brown, Abraham Lincoln Brigade, veteran perang dan ketua kesatuan buruh^[11]
Esther Brunauer, pegawai Jabatan Luar Negeri A.S.^[12]
Luis Buñuel, sutradara, produser^[13]
Charlie Chaplin, pelakon, sutradara^[14]
Aaron Copland, penggubah lagu^[15]
Bartley Crum, hakim^[16]
Howard Da Silva, pelakon^[17]
Jules Dassin, sutradara^[18]
Dolores del Río, pelakon^[19]
Edward Dmytryk, sutradara, Hollywood Ten
W.E.B. Du Bois, aktivis hak awam dan pengarang^[20]
George A. Eddy, pakar ekonomi Harvard^[21]
Albert Einstein, ahli fizik dan matematik pemenang Hadiah Nobel^[22]
Hanns Eisler, penggubah lagu^[23]
Howard Fast, penulis^[24]
Lion Feuchtwanger, novelis dan pelakon^[25]
Carl Foreman, pengarang High Noon
John Garfield, pelakon^[15]
Jack Gilford, pelakon^[17]
Allen Ginsberg, penyair Beat
Ruth Gordon, pelakon^[17]
Lee Grant, pelakon^[26]
Dashiell Hammett, pengarang^[15]
Elizabeth Hawes, pereka baju, pengarang, aktivis kesetaraan hak^[27]
Lillian Hellman, pelakon^[15]
Dorothy Healey, ketua kesatuan buruh, pejabat CPUSA^[28]
Lena Horne, penyanyi^[17]
Langston Hughes, penulis, penyair, pelakon^[15]
Marsha Hunt, pelakon
Sam Jaffe, pelakon^[15]
Theodore Kaghan, diplomat^[29]
Garson Kanin, penulis, sutradara^[15]
Danny Kaye, pelawak, penyanyi^[30]Templat:Citation broken
Benjamin Keen, sejarawan^[31]
Otto Klemperer, konduktor dan penggubah lagu^[32]
Gypsy Rose Lee, pelakon dan penari strip^[15]
Cornelius Lanczos, matematikawan dan ahli fizik^[33]
Ring Lardner Jr., penulis skrip Hollywood Ten
Arthur Laurents, pelakon^[17]
Philip Loeb, pelakon^[34]
Joseph Losey, sutradara^[15]
Albert Maltz, penulis skrip Hollywood Ten
Heinrich Mann, novelis^[35]
Klaus Mann, penulis^[35]
Thomas Mann, novelis dan penulis esai pemenang Hadiah Nobel^[35]
Burgess Meredith, pelakon^[15]
Arthur Miller, pelakon, penulis^[15]
Jessica Mitford, pengarang, muckraker. Beliau menolak bersaksi di HUAC.
Dimitri Mitropoulos, konduktor, pianis dan penggubah lagu^[36]
Zero Mostel, pelakon^[15]
Joseph Needham, biokimiawan, sinolog, sejarawan sains
J. Robert Oppenheimer, ahli fizik, direktur ilmiah Projek Manhattan^[37]
Dorothy Parker, penulis, pelawak^[15]
Linus Pauling, kimiawan, pemenang Hadiah Nobel Kimia dan Keamanan^[38]
Samuel Reber, diplomat^[39]
Al Richmond, ketua kesatuan buruh, redaktur^[40]
Martin Ritt, pelakon dan sutradara^[41]
Paul Robeson, pelakon, atlet, penyanyi, penulis, aktivis politik^[42]
Edward G. Robinson, pelakon^[15]
Waldo Salt, penulis skrip^[43]
Jean Seberg, pelakon^[44]
Pete Seeger, penyanyi, pengarang lagu^[15]
Artie Shaw, pemuzik jazz, pemimpin band, pengarang^[15]
Irwin Shaw, penulis^[17]
William L. Shirer, wartawan, pengarang^[45]
Lionel Stander, pelakon^[46]
Dirk Jan Struik, matematikawan, sejarawan matematika^[47]
Paul Sweezy, pakar ekonomi dan penyunting sekaligus pendiri Monthly Review^[48]
Charles W. Thayer, diplomat^[49]
Dalton Trumbo, penulis skrip Hollywood Ten
Tsien Hsue-shen, ahli fizik^[50]
Sam Wanamaker, pelakon, sutradara, pendiri Shakespeare's Globe Theatre.
Orson Welles, pelakon, pengarang, sutradara^{[perlu rujukan]}
Gene Weltfish, ahli antropologi Universiti Columbia^[51]

Lihat pula

Rujukan

^ "The Cold War Home Front: McCarthyism". AuthenticHistory.com. AuthenticHistory.com. Dicapai pada 21 Mei 2016.
^ ^a ^b Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2015-07-02). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare". American History (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6.
^ For example, Yates v. United States (1957) and Watkins v. United States (1957): Fried (1997), pp. 205, 207.
^ For example, California's "Levering Oath" law, declared unconstitutional in 1967: Fried (1997), p. 124.
^ For example, Slochower v. Board of Education (1956): Fried (1997), p. 203.
^ For example, Faulk vs. AWARE Inc., et al. (1962): Fried (1997), p. 197.
^ Publication canceled after FBI contact: Horvath, Brooke (2005). Understanding Nelson Algren. University of South Carolina Press. m/s. 84. ISBN 1-57003-574-1.
^ On Hollywood "graylist": "Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82". msnbc.com. Associated Press. August 19, 2004. Dicapai pada 2009-02-27.
^ Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. New York, Palgrave. m/s. 244. ISBN 0-312-29425-5.
^ Lost his job, exiled: Jessica Wang (1999). American Science in an Age of Anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, & the cold war. The University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 277–278. ISBN 978-0-8078-2447-4.
^ "Obituary", New York Times, November 25, 1990. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ "McCarthy Target Ousted". New York Times. November 21, 1952. Dicapai pada April 4, 2014.
^ Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner (2003b). Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6145-X.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States while traveling abroad: Lev, Peter (1999). Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. m/s. 159. ISBN 0-520-24966-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p On the Red Channels blacklist of artists and entertainers: Schrecker (2002), p. 244.
^ Blacklisted in his profession, committed suicide in 1959: Bosworth, Patricia (1998). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-83848-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "The Authentic History Center: Red Channels, The Blacklist". Dicapai pada 21 July 2010. ^{[pautan mati]}
^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 105.
^ Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States, thus prevented from acting in the movie Broken Lance: Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. m/s. 44. ISBN 968-6932-35-6.
^ Indicted under the Foreign Agents Registration Act: Du Bois, W.E.B. (1968). The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois. International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0234-5.
^ Craig, R. Bruce (2004). Treasonable Doubt. University Press of Kansas. m/s. 496. ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3.
^ Jerome, Fred (2002). The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28856-5.
^ Herman, Jan (1995). A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80798-X.
^ Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75.
^ Alexander, Stephan (2007). Überwacht. Ausgebürgert. Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag. m/s. 36–52. ISBN 978-3-89528-634-6.
^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 31.
^ Berch, Bettina (1988). Radical By Design: The Life and Style of Elizabeth Hawes. Dutton Adult. ISBN 0-525-24715-7.
^ "Dorothy Healey Lifelong Communist Fought for Workers", Los Angeles Times, Dennis McLellan, August 08, 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^ New York Times: "Theodore Kaghan, 77; Was in Foreign Service," August 11, 1989, accessed March 7, 2011
^ Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Section. "Subject: Danny Kaye". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Dicapai pada June 29, 2013.
^ Keith Haynes "Benjamin Keen 1913–2002" Hispanic American Historical Review 83.2 (2003) 357–359
^ Heyworth, Peter (1996). Otto Klemperer: Vol.2, 1933-1973: His Life and Times. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521244886.
^ Louis Komzsik (2003). The Lanczos Method:Evolution and Application. SIAM. m/s. 79.
^ Blacklisted and unemployed, committed suicide in 1955: Fried (1990), p. 156.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stephan, Alexander (1995). Im Visier des FBI: deutsche Exilschriftsteller in den Akten amerikanischer Geheimdienste. Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01381-2.
^ Trotter, William R. (1995). Priest of Music. The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos. Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-81-0.
^ Security clearance withdrawn: Schrecker (2002), p. 41.
^ Repeatedly denied passport: Thompson, Gail, and R. Andrew Viruleg. "Linus Pauling". Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-12-24. Dicapai pada 2007-12-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Robert D. Dean, The Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 65, 127, 140
^ "Obituary", New York Times, November 9, 1987. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 18.
^ Blacklisted, passport revoked: Marable, Manning, John McMillian, and Nishani Frazier (eds.) (2003). Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience. Columbia University Press. m/s. 559. ISBN 0-231-10890-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
^ On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 208.
^ Brodeur, Paul (1997). A Writer in the Cold War. Faber and Faber. m/s. 159–65. ISBN 978-0-571-19907-5.
^ New York Times: Herbert Mitgang, "William L. Shirer, Author, Is Dead at 89,", accessed March 5, 2011
^ New York Times: Lawrence Van Gelder, "Lionel Stander Dies at 86; Actor Who Defied Blacklist," December 2, 1994, accessed March 5, 2011
^ http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf, p.7
^ Subpoenaed by New Hampshire Attorney General, indicted for contempt of court: Heale, M. J. (1998). McCarthy's Americans: Red Scare Politics in State and Nation, 1935–1965. University of Georgia Press. m/s. 73. ISBN 0-8203-2026-9.
^ Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 141–44
^ Passport revoked, incarcerated: Chang, Iris (1996). Thread of the Silkworm. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00678-7.
^ David H. Price. 2004. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, March 30, 2004

[authentichistory-1] "The Cold War Home Front: McCarthyism". AuthenticHistory.com. AuthenticHistory.com. Dicapai pada 21 Mei 2016.

[:1-2] Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2015-07-02). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare". American History (dalam bahasa Inggeris). doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-6.

[3] For example, Yates v. United States (1957) and Watkins v. United States (1957): Fried (1997), pp. 205, 207.

[4] For example, California's "Levering Oath" law, declared unconstitutional in 1967: Fried (1997), p. 124.

[5] For example, Slochower v. Board of Education (1956): Fried (1997), p. 203.

[6] For example, Faulk vs. AWARE Inc., et al. (1962): Fried (1997), p. 197.

[7] Publication canceled after FBI contact: Horvath, Brooke (2005). Understanding Nelson Algren. University of South Carolina Press. m/s. 84. ISBN 1-57003-574-1.

[8] On Hollywood "graylist": "Composer Elmer Bernstein Dead at 82". msnbc.com. Associated Press. August 19, 2004. Dicapai pada 2009-02-27.

[9] Schrecker, Ellen (2002). The Age of McCarthyism: A Brief History with Documents. New York, Palgrave. m/s. 244. ISBN 0-312-29425-5.

[10] Lost his job, exiled: Jessica Wang (1999). American Science in an Age of Anxiety: scientists, anticommunism, & the cold war. The University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 277–278. ISBN 978-0-8078-2447-4.

[11] "Obituary", New York Times, November 25, 1990. Retrieved 10 June 2014.

[12] "McCarthy Target Ousted". New York Times. November 21, 1952. Dicapai pada April 4, 2014.

[13] Buhle, Paul, and David Wagner (2003b). Blacklisted: The Film Lover's Guide to the Hollywood Blacklist. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6145-X.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[14] Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States while traveling abroad: Lev, Peter (1999). Transforming the Screen, 1950–1959. University of California Press. m/s. 159. ISBN 0-520-24966-6.

[blacklist2-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p On the Red Channels blacklist of artists and entertainers: Schrecker (2002), p. 244.

[16] Blacklisted in his profession, committed suicide in 1959: Bosworth, Patricia (1998). Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story. Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-83848-6.

[Channels-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "The Authentic History Center: Red Channels, The Blacklist". Dicapai pada 21 July 2010. ^{[pautan mati]}

[18] On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 105.

[19] Harassed by anti-Communist groups, denied reentry to United States, thus prevented from acting in the movie Broken Lance: Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río. Clío. m/s. 44. ISBN 968-6932-35-6.

[20] Indicted under the Foreign Agents Registration Act: Du Bois, W.E.B. (1968). The Autobiography of W. E. B. Du Bois. International Publishers. ISBN 0-7178-0234-5.

[21] Craig, R. Bruce (2004). Treasonable Doubt. University Press of Kansas. m/s. 496. ISBN 978-0-7006-1311-3.

[22] Jerome, Fred (2002). The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-28856-5.

[23] Herman, Jan (1995). A Talent for Trouble: The Life of Hollywood's Most Acclaimed Director, William Wyler. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80798-X.

[24] Blacklisted, imprisoned for three months for contempt of Congress: Sabin (1999), p. 75.

[25] Alexander, Stephan (2007). Überwacht. Ausgebürgert. Exiliert: Schriftsteller und der Staat. Bielefeld: Aisthesis Verlag. m/s. 36–52. ISBN 978-3-89528-634-6.

[26] On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 31.

[27] Berch, Bettina (1988). Radical By Design: The Life and Style of Elizabeth Hawes. Dutton Adult. ISBN 0-525-24715-7.

[28] "Dorothy Healey Lifelong Communist Fought for Workers", Los Angeles Times, Dennis McLellan, August 08, 2006. Retrieved 11 June 2014.

[obit-29] New York Times: "Theodore Kaghan, 77; Was in Foreign Service," August 11, 1989, accessed March 7, 2011

[30] Freedom of Information/Privacy Act Section. "Subject: Danny Kaye". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Dicapai pada June 29, 2013.

[31] Keith Haynes "Benjamin Keen 1913–2002" Hispanic American Historical Review 83.2 (2003) 357–359

[32] Heyworth, Peter (1996). Otto Klemperer: Vol.2, 1933-1973: His Life and Times. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521244886.

[33] Louis Komzsik (2003). The Lanczos Method:Evolution and Application. SIAM. m/s. 79.

[34] Blacklisted and unemployed, committed suicide in 1955: Fried (1990), p. 156.

[Stephan,_Alexander_1995-35] Stephan, Alexander (1995). Im Visier des FBI: deutsche Exilschriftsteller in den Akten amerikanischer Geheimdienste. Metzler. ISBN 3-476-01381-2.

[36] Trotter, William R. (1995). Priest of Music. The Life of Dimitri Mitropoulos. Amadeus Press. ISBN 0-931340-81-0.

[37] Security clearance withdrawn: Schrecker (2002), p. 41.

[38] Repeatedly denied passport: Thompson, Gail, and R. Andrew Viruleg. "Linus Pauling". Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-12-24. Dicapai pada 2007-12-11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[39] Robert D. Dean, The Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 65, 127, 140

[40] "Obituary", New York Times, November 9, 1987. Retrieved 10 June 2014.

[41] On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 18.

[42] Blacklisted, passport revoked: Marable, Manning, John McMillian, and Nishani Frazier (eds.) (2003). Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary History of the African American Experience. Columbia University Press. m/s. 559. ISBN 0-231-10890-7.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)

[43] On Hollywood blacklist: Buhle and Wagner (2003), p. 208.

[44] Brodeur, Paul (1997). A Writer in the Cold War. Faber and Faber. m/s. 159–65. ISBN 978-0-571-19907-5.

[45] New York Times: Herbert Mitgang, "William L. Shirer, Author, Is Dead at 89,", accessed March 5, 2011

[46] New York Times: Lawrence Van Gelder, "Lionel Stander Dies at 86; Actor Who Defied Blacklist," December 2, 1994, accessed March 5, 2011

[47] ttp://www.dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00003184.pdf, p.7

[48] Subpoenaed by New Hampshire Attorney General, indicted for contempt of court: Heale, M. J. (1998). McCarthy's Americans: Red Scare Politics in State and Nation, 1935–1965. University of Georgia Press. m/s. 73. ISBN 0-8203-2026-9.

[49] Robert D. Dean, Imperial Brotherhood: Gender and the Making of Cold War Foreign Policy (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 141–44

[50] Passport revoked, incarcerated: Chang, Iris (1996). Thread of the Silkworm. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00678-7.

[51] David H. Price. 2004. Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists. Duke University Press, March 30, 2004

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

McCarthyisme

Orang disoal siasat

Lihat pula

Rujukan

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