Jangka suhu

Jangka suhu diisi raksa untuk kegunaan dalam bilik.

Jangka suhu atau termometer (disebut [tĕr.mo.mé.tĕr],[1] serapan kata gabung Yunani: θερμός thermos, "panas" dan μέτρον metron, "sukatan") merupakan satu peranti yang digunakan bagi menyukat suhu atau perbezaan julat dirangkumkan melalui pengesanan haba dilepaskan yang menggerakkan pada takat tertentu. Ia digunakan secara meluas dalam industri untuk mengawal dan mengatur pengilangan, dalam kajian cuaca, perubatan dan dalam penyelidikan saintifik.

Alat ini mula dikembangkan Santorio Santorio, seorang saintis Itali,[2] melalui rupa termoskop yang dipertingkatkan kebolehgunaan ia dengan ditambahkan skala dan ditentuukurkan sepanjang abad ke-17 dan ke-18.[3][4][5] Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, seorang pengkaji yang bekerja di Belanda memperkenalkan model penyukat yang paling tebat dan stabil yang terus digunakan sehingga hari ini.[6][7]

Prinsip

Jangka suhu memiliki dua unsur penting:

  1. penderia suhu (contoh: tabung raksa bagi jangka suhu raksa dalam kaca) dalam mana perubahan fizikal berlaku dengan suhu, dan;
  2. satu cara bagi mengubah perubahan fizikal ini menjadi nilai nombor (contoh: skala kelihatan yang ditanda pada jangka suhu raksa dalam kaca).

Terdapat pelbagai prinsip yang cara mana jangka suhu berbeza beroperasi. Ia termasuk pengembangan haba pepejal atau cecair dengan suhu, dan perubahan pada tekanan gas ke atas pemanasan atau penyejukan. Jangka suhu jenis sinaran mengukur tenaga inframerah yang dipancarkan oleh objek, membolehkan pengukuran suhu tanpa sentuhan.

Kebanyakan logam adalah pengalir haba yang baik dan ia adalah pepejal pada suhu bilik. Raksa adalah satu-satunya dalam keadaan cecair pada suhu bilik, dan mempunyai pekali pengembangan tinggi. Dengan itu, perubahan sedikit dalam suhu dapat dilihat apabila ia digunakan dalam jangka suhu. Ini merupakan sebab di sebalik raksa dan alkohol yang digunakan dalam termometer.

Suhu

Jangka suhu inframerah merukan sejenis pengukur pirometer dan bolometer).

Sungguhpun jangka suhu individu mampu untuk mengukur darjah kepanasan, bacaan pada dua termometer tidak boleh dibandingkan kecuali ia mematuhi skala yang dipersetujui. Hari ini terdapat skala suhu termodinamik mutlak. Skala suhu dipersetujui antarabangsa direka untuk menyamai ini dengan teliti, berdasarkan titik tetap dan jangka suhu interpolasi. Skala suhu rasmi yang paling terkini adalah Skala Suhu Antarabangsa 1990, di mana skala tersebut bermula dari 0.65 K (−272.5 °C; −458.5 °F) sehingga kira-kira 1,358 K (1,085 °C; 1,985 °F).

Jangka suhu lima puluh darjah dari pertengahan abad ke-17 dalam pameran di Muzium Galileo. Titik hitam mewakili darjah tunggal, dan putih mewakili 10. Jangka suhu jenis ini digunakan untuk mengukur suhu udara.

Rujukan

  1. ^ "termometer". Kamus Dewan (ed. ke-4). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Malaysia. 2017.
  2. ^ Bigotti, Fabrizio (2018). "The Weight of the Air: Santorio's Thermometers and the Early History of Medical Quantification Reconsidered". Journal of Early Modern Studies. 7 (1): 73–103. doi:10.5840/jems2018714. ISSN 2285-6382. PMC 6407691. PMID 30854347.
  3. ^ Court, Arnold (12 May 1967). "Concerning an Important Invention" (PDF). Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  4. ^ Sherry, David (2011). "Thermoscopes, thermometers, and the foundations of measurement" (PDF). Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 42: 509–524.
  5. ^ McGee, Thomas Donald (1988). Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement. m/s. 2–9. ISBN 9780471627678.
  6. ^ Bolton, Henry Carrington: Evolution of the Thermometer, 1592–1743. (Easton, PA: Chemical Publishing Company, 1900)
  7. ^ Knake, Maria (April 2011). "The Anatomy of a Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer". AASHTO re:source, formerly AMRL (aashtoresource.org). Dicapai pada 4 August 2018. For decades mercury thermometers were a mainstay in many testing laboratories. If used properly and calibrated correctly, certain types of mercury thermometers can be incredibly accurate. Mercury thermometers can be used in temperatures ranging from about -38 to 350°C. The use of a mercury-thallium mixture can extend the low-temperature usability of mercury thermometers to -56°C. (...) Nevertheless, few liquids have been found to mimic the thermometric properties of mercury in repeatability and accuracy of temperature measurement. Toxic though it may be, when it comes to LiG [Liquid-in-Glass] thermometers, mercury is still hard to beat.

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