Artritis reumatoid

Artritis reumatoid
Tangan yang terjejas akibat artritis reumatoid
PengkhususanReumatologi
GejalaRuam, bengkak, sakit sendi[1]
Kerumitansel darah rendah, keradangan di sekitar paru-paru, keradangan di sekitar jantung[1]
Permulaan biasa
Pertengahan usia[1]
TempohSepanjang hayat[1]
PuncaTidak diketahui[1]
Berdasarkan gejala, pengimejan perubatan, ujian darah[1]
Lupus erritematosus sistemik, artritis psoriatik, fibromialgia
Rawatan perubatan
ubat sakit, steroid, ubat anti-keradagan, ubat antireumatik penyakit[1]
Kekerapan0.5–1% (dewasa di dunia membangun)
Kematian30,000 (2015)[2]
sunting
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Artritis reumatoid (RA) ialah gangguan autoimun jangka panjang yang terutamanya memberi kesan kepada sendi. Ia biasanya menyebabkan sendi yang hangat, bengkak, dan menyakitkan. Kesakitan dan kekakuan sering menjadi semakin teruk selepas rehat. Paling biasa, pergelangan tangan dan tangan terlibat, dengan sendi yang sama biasanya terlibat di kedua-dua belah badan. Ini boleh mengakibatkan jumlah sel darah merah yang rendah, keradangan di sekitar paru-paru, dan keradangan di sekeliling jantung. Demam dan tenaga yang rendah mungkin juga hadir.[1] Selalunya, gejala-gejala muncul secara beransur-ansur dari minggu ke bulan

Walaupun punca artritis reumatoid tidak jelas, ia dipercayai melibatkan kombinasi faktor genetik dan alam sekitar. Mekanisme yang mendasari melibatkan sistem imun badan yang menyerang sendi. Ini menyebabkan keradangan dan penebalan kapsul sendi. Ia juga memberi kesan kepada tulang dan tulang rawan. Diagnosis dibuat kebanyakannya berdasarkan tanda dan gejala seseorang.[3] Sinar X dan ujian makmal boleh menyokong diagnosis atau mengecualikan penyakit lain dengan gejala yang sama. Penyakit lain yang mungkin hadir juga termasuk lupus eritematosus sistemik, psoriatik artritis, dan fibromialgia antara lain.

Matlamat rawatan adalah untuk mengurangkan kesakitan, mengurangkan keradangan, dan memperbaiki fungsi keseluruhan seseorang.[4] Ini dapat membantu dengan mengimbangi rehat dan latihan, penggunaan splint dan penyokong, atau penggunaan alat bantuan. Ubat sakit, steroid, dan NSAID sering digunakan untuk membantu gejala. Ubat-ubatan antireumatik yang mengubahsuai penyakit (DMARDs), seperti hidroksiklorokuin dan metotreksat, boleh digunakan untuk memperlahankan perkembangan penyakit. DMARDs biologi boleh digunakan apabila penyakit tidak bertindak balas terhadap rawatan lain.[5] Bagaimanapun, mereka mungkin mempunyai kesan buruk yang lebih besar.[6] Pembedahan untuk membaiki, menggantikan atau sendi fius boleh membantu dalam keadaan tertentu. Kebanyakan rawatan perubatan alternatif tidak disokong oleh bukti.[7][8]

RA menjejaskan kira-kira 24.5 juta orang pada 2015.[9] Ini adalah antara 0.5 dan 1% orang dewasa di dunia maju dengan 5 dan 50 setiap 100,000 orang yang baru membangunkan keadaan ini setiap tahun.[10] Permulaan adalah yang paling kerap pada usia pertengahan dan sekerap wanita akan terbabit 2.5 kali sebagai lelaki. Pada tahun 2013, ia mengakibatkan 38,000 kematian daripada 28,000 kematian pada tahun 1990.[11] Penjelasan pertama yang diakui RA dibuat pada tahun 1800 oleh Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré-Beauvais (1772-1840) Paris.[12] Istilah artritis reumatoid berdasarkan dari bahasa Yunani untuk sendi berair dan meradang.[13]

Rujukan

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Handout on Health: Rheumatoid Arthritis". National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. August 2014. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada June 30, 2015. Dicapai pada July 2, 2015.
  2. ^ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  3. ^ Majithia V, Geraci SA (2007). "Rheumatoid arthritis: diagnosis and management". Am. J. Med. 120 (11): 936–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.04.005. PMID 17976416.
  4. ^ "Rheumatoid arthritis in adults: management: recommendations: Guidance and guidelines". NICE. December 2015. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2017-04-16.
  5. ^ Singh, JA; Saag, KG; Bridges SL, Jr; Ak l; dll. (January 2016). "2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 68 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1002/art.39480. PMID 26545940. Explicit use of et al. in: |first4= (bantuan)
  6. ^ Singh, JA; Wells, GA; Christensen, R; dll. (16 February 2011). "Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis and Cochrane overview". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD008794. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008794.pub2. PMID 21328309. Explicit use of et al. in: |last4= (bantuan)
  7. ^ Efthimiou P, Kukar M (2010). "Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: proposed mechanism of action and efficacy of commonly used modalities". Rheumatology International. 30 (5): 571–86. doi:10.1007/s00296-009-1206-y. PMID 19876631.
  8. ^ "Rheumatoid Arthritis and Complementary Health Approaches". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada July 5, 2015. Dicapai pada July 1, 2015.
  9. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  10. ^ Smolen, Josef S.; Aletaha, Daniel; McInnes, Iain B. (2016-10-22). "Rheumatoid arthritis". Lancet. 388 (10055): 2023–2038. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8. PMID 27156434.
  11. ^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
  12. ^ Landré-Beauvais AJ (1800). La goutte asthénique primitive (doctoral thesis). Paris. reproduced in Landré-Beauvais AJ (2001). "The first description of rheumatoid arthritis. Unabridged text of the doctoral dissertation presented in 1800". Joint Bone Spine. 68 (2): 130–43. doi:10.1016/S1297-319X(00)00247-5. PMID 11324929.
  13. ^ Paget, Stephen A.; Lockshin, Michael D.; Loebl, Suzanne (2002). The Hospital for Special Surgery Rheumatoid Arthritis Handbook Everything You Need to Know. New York: John Wiley & Sons. m/s. 32. ISBN 9780471223344. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2017-02-22.

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