Termobranduolinė bomba

Termobranduolinės bombos schema:
  1. Pirminis dalijimosi užtaisas
  2. Antrinis sintezės užtaisas
  1. Cheminis sprogmuo
  2. Urano-238 apvalkalas
  3. Vakuumas
  4. Plutonis arba uranas, kuriame yra tričio dujų
  5. Polistirenas
  6. Uranas-238
  7. Ličio-6 deuteridas
  8. Plutonis (neutronų šaltinis)
  9. Rentgeno spindulius atspindintis korpusas
JAV termobranduolinės bombos sprogimo debesis Bikinio atole, 1954 m.

Termobranduolinė bomba, arba vandenilinė bomba – branduolinis ginklas, kurio veikimas pagrįstas vandenilio izotopų (deuterio arba tričio) sinteze.[1] Pirmą kartą dirbtinė nevaldoma termobranduolinė sintezė sukelta JAV termobranduolinėje bomboje 1952 m.

Istorija

Pirmąją termobranduolinę bombą Sovietų Sąjunga išbandė 1953, Jungtinės Amerikos Valstijos – 1954, Jungtinė Karalystė – 1957, Kinija – 1967, Prancūzija – 1968 m.[2] 1961 m. spalio 30 d. Sovietų Sąjunga Naujosios Žemės poligone išbandė galingiausią termobranduolinę bombą „Caras“, kurios galia siekė 58 Mt.[3]

Veikimo principas

Svarbiausios termobranduolinės bombos dalys:[1]

  1. Pirminis branduolinis užtaisas (sunkieji vandenilio izotopai – 2H ir 3H – arba plutonis). Sprogus pirminiam branduoliniam užtaisui, dalijasi radioaktyvieji urano 235U arba plutonio 239Pu izotopai. Susidaro 100 mln. kelvinų temperatūra ir slėgis, reikalingas uždegti antrinį užtaisą.
  2. Antrinis branduolinis užtaisas (konteineris su ličio deuteridu). Padidėjus temperatūrai, prasideda antroji sprogimo fazė – deuterio ir tričio sintezės reakcija. Konteinerio paviršius pagamintas iš urano 238U, kuris skyla veikiamas branduolių sintezės metu išsiskiriančių greitųjų neutronų. Jie sukelia urano branduolių dalijimosi reakciją.
  3. Susidaro suslėgta didelio tankio plazma. Plutonio strypas (neutronų šaltinis) spinduliuoja neutronus, prasideda nevaldoma grandininė branduolinė reakcija – branduolinis sprogimas. Tai trečioji ir paskutinė sprogimo fazė.

Sprogimo eiga

Galimos vandenilio izotopų (deuterio ir tričio) sintezės reakcijos:[4][5]

Termobranduolinės bombos sprogimas:
  1. Pirminis (dalijimosi) užtaisas viršuje ir antrinis (sintezės) užtaisas apačioje apsupti polistireniniu putplasčiu.
  2. Cheminis sprogmuo, supantis pirminio užtaiso šerdį (plutonį), suslegia plutonį į superkritinę būseną ir pradeda dalijimosi grandininę reakciją.
  3. Dalindamasis pirminis užtaisas skleidžia rentgeno spindulius, kurie „atsispindi“ korpuso viduje, apšvitindami polistireninį putplastį.
  4. Apšvitintas putplastis virsta karšta plazma, kuri stumia ir labai suslegia antrinį užtaisą, plutonio strype pradėdama dalijimosi grandininę reakciją.
  5. Suslėgtas ir kaitinamas (iki 107 K temperatūros) ličio-6 deuterido kuras gamina tritį (3H). Prasideda deuterio ir tričio sintezės reakcija. Sintezės metu išsiskyręs neutronų srautas (17,6 MeV) sukelia urano 238U branduolių dalijimosi reakciją. Pradeda formuotis ugnies kamuolys.

Šaltiniai

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 „Termobranduolinė bomba“. vle.lt. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Nuoroda tikrinta 2023-09-17.
  2. ↑ „Branduolinis ginklas“. vle.lt. Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Nuoroda tikrinta 2023-09-17.
  3. ↑ Magazine, Smithsonian; Machemer, Theresa. „Russia Declassifies Video From 1961 of Largest Hydrogen Bomb Ever Detonated“. Smithsonian Magazine.
  4. ↑ M. Kikuchi, K. Lackner & M. Q. Tran (2012). Fusion Physics. International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 22. ISBN 9789201304100.
  5. ↑ K. Miyamoto (2005). Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-24217-1.

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