Metalai

Kitos reikšmės – Metalas (reikšmės).
Galis

Metalai – cheminių elementų grupė, pasižyminti tuo, kad metalų jonai yra jungiami metalinių jungčių.

Klasifikavimas:

  • Šarminiai metalai
  • Šarminių žemių metalai
  • Pereinamieji metalai
  • Pusmetaliai
  • Kiti metalai

Metalams būdingos savybės:

Dauguma elementų, esančių gamtoje, yra metalai. Daugiausia jų yra žemės plutoje. Jie randami mineraluose ir rūdose. Čia jie nėra gryni, o susijungę su kitu elementu, t. y. sudarę cheminius junginius. Norėdami gauti metalą iš rūdų, tuos elementus turite atskirti. Tai padaryti nelengva. Metalai pasižymi šiomis fizikinėmis savybėmis:

  1. Metalai yra neskaidrūs, paviršius blizgantis. Tačiau kai kurių metalų paviršius neblizga, o yra matinis. Bet perpjovę metalą pamatysime, kad jis blizga. Taip yra todėl, kad reaguoja su deguonimi: jų paviršiuje susidaro metalo ir deguonies junginys-oksidas. Pvz., variui reaguojant su deguonimi, vyksta tokia reakcija: 2Cu (k.) + O2 (d.)→ 2CuO(k.)
  2. Metalai gerai praleidžia elektros srovę ir šilumą. Šia savybe naudojamasi, kai reikia atskirti metalą nuo nemetalo. Metalai yra geri elektros laidininkai, todėl iš jų pagaminti laidai naudojami elektros perdavimo linijoms. Tik labai nedaug nemetalų, pvz., anglies atmaina grafitas, gerai praleidžia elektros srovę.
  3. Metalai yra kietosios medžiagos. Tik vienas metalas – gyvsidabris – kambario temperatūroje yra skystas; jo lydymosi temperatūra – 39 °C.
  4. Metalai yra kalūs. Iš jų galima gaminti įvairius dirbinius: tempiant iš metalų galima padaryti ploną vielą, kalant išploti ploną lakštą.

Metalų struktūra

Tipinės metalų struktūros yra šios:[1]

  • tankiausias, rutulinis, heksagonalinis išsidėstymas (Zn);
  • plokštumoje centruota kubinė gardelė (Cu);
  • viduje centruota kubinė gardelė (Li).

Šaltiniai

  1. ↑ Piero Baglioni, Maria Angeles, Febrer Canals. Chemijos žinynas [iš vokiečių kalbos vertė Daina Rimšaitė]. Kaunas: Šviesa, 2003, 56 p. (Iliustruotas žinynas). ISBN 5-430-02793-6.

Nuorodos

Vikicitatos

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Vikiteka: Metalai – vaizdinė ir garsinė medžiaga
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