Garso greitis

Garso greitis – atstumas, kurį per laiko vienetą įveikia garso banga, sklindanti tam tikroje terpėje. Garso greitis priklauso nuo terpę sudarančių medžiagų struktūros, priemaišų, temperatūros ir slėgio.

Garso greitis 0 °C temperatūros ore, esant 101 325 Pa slėgiui, yra lygus $331,5{\frac {m}{s}}$ . Garso greitį kitokios temperatūros ore galima apskaičiuoti pagal tokią apytikslią formulę:

$c_{\mathrm {oro} }=(331,5+(0,6\cdot \theta ))\ {\frac {m}{s}}\,$

Jūros lygyje garso greitis (ore) priklauso tik nuo temperatūros ( $\theta$ tariama teta), čia matuojama °C.

Garso greitis skysčiuose ir kietuose kūnuose

Garsas sklinda ne tik dujose (ore), bet ir kietuose bei skystuose kūnuose. Garso greitis juose yra daug didesnis negu dujose, nes tarpai tarp molekulių yra mažesni.

Greitis kietuose kūnuose apskaičiuojamas pagal formulę (E – Jungo modulis, ρ – tankis):

$c_{\mathrm {kiet.} }={\sqrt {\frac {E}{\rho }}}$

Greitis skystuose kūnuose apskaičiuojamas pagal formulę (K – spūdos modulis, ρ – tankis):

$c_{\mathrm {skyst.} }={\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}$

Garso greitis dujose

Greitis dujose skaičiuojamas kaip ir skysčiuose (K – spūdos modulis, ρ – tankis):

K=\gamma \cdot p

, taigi

c_{\mathrm {duju} }={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot {p \over \rho }}}

Čia:

\gamma

yra adiabatinis indeksas (šiluminių talpų santykis

C_{p}/C_{v}

)

p slėgis.

$\rho$ tankis

Idealiosioms dujoms galima parašyti

c_{\mathrm {ideal} }={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot {p \over \rho }}}={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot R\cdot T \over M}}={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot k\cdot T \over m}}

kur

$c_{\mathrm {ideal} }$ garso greitis idealiosiose dujose.
$R$ (=8,3145 J·mol^-1·K^-1) dujų konstanta.
$k$ Bolcmano konstanta
$\gamma$ adiabatinis indeksas (7/5 = 1,400 dviatomėms molekulėms, 5/3 = 1,6667 vienatomėms molekulėms).
$T$ absoliutinė temperatūra kelvinais.
$M$ molinė masė (kilogramas į molį). Sauso oro molio masė lygi 0,0289645 kg/mol.
$m$ molekulės masė kilogramais.

Garso greitis įvairiose medžiagose

Garso greitis įvairiose medžiagose:

Terpė	Greitis (m/s)
Skystas helis (4 K)	211^[1]
Anglies dioksidas (0 °C)	259^[2]
Sausas oras (0 °C)	331^[2]
Oras (20 °C)	343^[3]
Helis (0 °C)	965^[2]
Helis (20 °C)	999^[1]
Vandenilis (0 °C)	1 284^[2]
Vanduo (25 °C)	1 497^[2]
Jūros vanduo (25 °C)	1 530^[2]
Vanduo (100 °C)	1 543^[1]
Kūno audinys	1 570^[4]
Guma (sintetinė)	1 600^[5]^[6]
Švinas	1 960^[2]
Auksas	3 240^[5]
Kaulas	3 500^[7]
Stiklas	5 100^[2]
Plienas	5 940^[2]
Granitas	6 000^[3]
Aliuminis	6 420^[3]

Šaltiniai

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Hugh D. Young; Roger A. Freedman. University Physics with Modern Physics, Addison-Wesley, 2012, 516 p. ISBN 978-0-321-69686-1.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 ^2,3 ^2,4 ^2,5 ^2,6 ^2,7 ^2,8 Bill Tillery. Physical Science, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013, 123 p. ISBN 978-0-07-351389-8.
↑ ^3,0 ^3,1 ^3,2 David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 10th Edition, Wiley Global Education, 2013. 481 p. ISBN 978-1-118-47381-8.
↑ Jay Newman. Physics of the Life Sciences. Springer, 2008, 271 p. ISBN 978-0-387-77258-5.
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Raymond Serway & John Jewett, Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, Cengage Learning, p. 415, ISBN 0-534-49143-X
↑ Raymond Serway & Chris Vuille, College Physics, Cengage Learning, p. 476, ISBN 0-8400-6848-4
↑ David Dagan Feng (2008), Biomedical Information Technology, Elsevier/Academic Press, p. 12, ISBN 978-0-12-373583-6

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