Aritmetika

Aritmetika (iš gr. αριθμός 'skaičius') – seniausia matematikos sritis, nagrinėjanti veiksmus su skaičiais bei jų savybes. Yra išskiriamos elementarioji aritmetika, kuri tiria natūraliuosius ir teigiamus racionaliuosius skaičius ir teorinė aritmetika, kuri tiria natūraliuosius, sveikuosius, racionaliuosius, realiuosius, kompleksinius skaičius, kvaternionus ir šių skaičių aibių savybes.[1]

Pagrindiniai ir anksčiausiai atsiradę aritmetikos veiksmai – sudėtis, atimtis, daugyba ir dalyba, tačiau ilgainiui pradėta naudoti ir sudėtingesnius – tai įvairūs reiškiniai su procentų skaičiavimu, šaknimis, laipsniais bei logaritminėmis funkcijomis.

Galima išskirti natūrinių, sveikųjų, racionaliųjų bei realiųjų skaičių aritmetikas.

Pagrindinė aritmetikos teorema

Kiekvieną natūrinį skaičių, išskyrus vienetą, galima išreikšti pirminių daugiklių sandauga vieninteliu būdu. Pavyzdys: 45 = 5 × 3 × 3.

Aritmetinės operacijos

Primityviausios aritmetinės operacijos yra sudėtis, atimtis, daugyba ir dalyba, nors yra ir sudėtingesnių operacijų (procentai, šaknies traukimas, kėlimas laipsniu ir logaritmavimas).

Sudėtis (+)

Pagrindinis straipsnis – Sudėtis.

Sudėtis – vienas pagrindinių aritmetikos veiksmų. Paprasčiausiu atveju sudėtis du skaičius (dėmenis) paverčia vienu – suma. Sudedant daugiau nei du skaičius, sudėtis taikoma dviem skaičiams, tada rezultatas sudedamas su sekančiu ir t. t. Pvz:

10+4=14

Atimtis (−)

Pagrindinis straipsnis – Atimtis.

Atimtis – priešinga operacija sudėčiai. Pagrindinis tikslas – gauti skirtumą tarp dviejų pasirinktų skaičių, tačiau pirmasis skaičius(turinys) turi būti didesnis. Jei taip nėra, tuomet iš antrojo skaičiaus(atėminio) turime atimti pirmąjį ir prirašyti minusą. Pvz.:

10-4=6

25-48=-(48-25)=-23

Daugyba (×, ·, arba *)

Pagrindinis straipsnis – Daugyba.

Daugyba – būlinė aritmetinė operacija. Pirmasis jos operandas vadinamas dauginiu, antrasis – daugikliu, o rezultatas – sandauga. Dauginys rodo pasirinktą skaičių, o daugiklis kiek kartų jį pridedame prie jo paties. Operacijoje galime apkeisti skaičius(a·b=b·a) Pvz.:

99·4 = 4·99 = 99+99+99+99 = 396

Yra sudaryta daugybos lentelė.

Dalyba (÷, / arba :)

Pagrindinis straipsnis – Dalyba.

Dalyba – aritmetinė operacija, atvirkščia daugyba. Pasirinktąjį skaičių(dalinį) suskirstome į tam tikrą skaičių dalių(tas skaičius – daliklis). Gautas atsakymas vadinamas dalmeniu. Pvz:

20:4=5

Atvirkščiai nei daugyboje, dalyboje paėmus bet kokius du skaičius ne visada gaunamas sveikasis skaičius.

Pavyzdžiai

Daugybos lentelė

× 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75
4 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100
5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125
6 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 150
7 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 105 112 119 126 133 140 147 154 161 168 175
8 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120 128 136 144 152 160 168 176 184 192 200
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 117 126 135 144 153 162 171 180 189 198 207 216 225
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 132 143 154 165 176 187 198 209 220 231 242 253 264 275
12 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 156 168 180 192 204 216 228 240 252 264 276 288 300
13 13 26 39 52 65 78 91 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 195 208 221 234 247 260 273 286 299 312 325
14 14 28 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 182 196 210 224 238 252 266 280 294 308 322 336 350
15 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375
16 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 176 192 208 224 240 256 272 288 304 320 336 352 368 384 400
17 17 34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 306 323 340 357 374 391 408 425
18 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 342 360 378 396 414 432 450
19 19 38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 380 399 418 437 456 475
20 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500
21 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 462 483 504 525
22 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 506 528 550
23 23 46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 552 575
24 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 216 240 264 288 312 336 360 384 408 432 456 480 504 528 552 576 600
25 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625

Šaltiniai

  1. aritmetika(parengė Pranas Survila). Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (tikrinta 2024-02-01).

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