Geysir

De Geysir Strokkur op Island
Video wéi e Geysir fonktionnéiert

E Geysir ass eng gliddeg Quell, déi hiert Waasser a reegelméissegen oder onreegelméissegen Ofstänn als Fontän eraussprutzt. Esou en Ausbroch gëtt 'Eruptioun' genannt. D'Wuert "Geysir" kënnt vum Grousse Geysir op Island hier. Deen Numm geet sengersäits op dat Islännescht Verb geysa "auslafen, eraussprutzen“ zeréck.

Virkommen

Wou Geysir virkommen

Geysire brauchen eng speziell Kombinatioun vu geologeschen a klimatesche Konditiounen. Se si vun dräi Facteuren ofhängeg: Enger Waasserversuergung a Form vun engem Aquifer, enger Wäremtquell (enger Plume oder Superplume) an op d'mannst engem Reservoir mat enger Verengung am Leetungssystem.

Et gëtt sechs grouss Geysirfelder:

Soss gëtt et der doruechter verspreet ë. a. an den USA (Nevada, Kalifornien, Oregon an Alaska), Papua-Neiguinea (16 aktiv Geysiren), an Indonesien (8 op Sumatra, 4 op Java, 3 op Celebes an 1 opder Insel Bacan), sou wéi och am Peru (10), an der Volleksrepublik China (10), a Mexiko (9), op de Fidschiinselen (5), a Japan (4), am Kenia (4), an Ethiopien (2), a Bolivien (2) an am Myanmar (1).

Fonctionnement

Geysire kommen an aktiven vulkaneschen Zone vir. Si hunn e Kanal a Form vun engem Rouer, deen erof an en ënnerierdesche Waasserreservoir geet (et kënnen och méi där Reservoiren hannerenee sinn). Meeschtens ginn d'Geysiren mat Grondwaasser gefiddert. Dat Waasser, dat eraussprutz, ass tëscht 90° an ëm déi 100° waarm, am Reservoir kann et e gutt Stéck méi waarm ginn.

D'Wäermt vun enger Magmakummer erëtzt d'Grondwaasser op iwwer 100 °C. Duerch den Drock vun der Waassersail, déi driwwer steet, kënnt d'Waasser net un d'Kachen. Bei enger Eruptioun geschitt typescherweis dat hei: Wann d'Temperatur am Reservoir op wäit iwwer 100° geklommen ass, klammen eenzel Dampblosen duerch d'Verengung am Kanal erop a pressen en Deel vun der Waassersail no uwen. Doduerch geet ënnen de Drock rapid erof, an dat iwwerhëtzte Waasser ka sech op ee Coup an Damp verwandelen.

Dee sicht sech explosiounsaarteg e Wee no uewen, sou datt op der Uewerfläch eng Mëschung aus gliddegem Waasserdamp, méi killem, resp. kondenséiertem Waasser an opgeléiste Mineralien a Gestengspartikelen erausgeschleidert gëtt.

Den Eruptiounskanal a seng Verengunge spillen deemno eng determinant Roll bei den Eruptiounen: Wa keng Verengung do wier, da kéint de Waaserdamp ongehënnert austrieden (als Dampquell, oder, wann e kondenséiert, als gliddeg Quell).

De Steamboat-Geysir am Yellowstone-Nationalpark ass deen, deem seng Eruptioun am héchsten ass: tëscht 76 an alt bis zu 130 m.

Fotosequenz vun enger Eruptioun

Literatur

  • John Sargent Rinehart: Geysers and Geothermal Energy. Springer Verlag, Berlin 1980, ISBN 0-387-90489-1
  • T. Scott Bryan: The Geysers of Yellowstone, Third Edition. University Press of Colorado, Colorado 1995, ISBN 0-87081-365-X
  • Carl Schreier: A field guide to Yellowstone’s geysers, hot springs and fumaroles. 2. Auflage. Homestead Pub, Moose WY 2003, ISBN 0-943972-09-4

Um Spaweck

Commons: Geyser – Biller, Videoen oder Audiodateien

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