Tissaphernes

Effigies Tissaphernis (?) in moneta.

Tissaphernes (natus anno incerto, mortuus 395 a.C.n.) fuit satrapes Lydiae et Cariae ultimis annis quinti saeculi et primis annis quarti saeculi a.C.n., regnantibus Dario II et Artaxerxe Mnemone.

Bellum Peloponnesium

413/412 a.C.n. Tissaphernes satrapes Cariae et Lydiae factus est necnon praetor omnium copiarum quae in Caystri campum conveniebant. Tunc regi Dario II persuasit ut societatem cum Lacedaemoniis adversus Athenienses iniret[1]. Ita civitates Graecas in litore Aegaei maris sitas, auxilio sociorum destitutas, in potestatem Persarum subigere potuit. Mox tamen amicitiam cum exsule Atheniensi Alcibiade contraxit qui ei suasit neutras partes firmiter adiuvaret sed bellum inter Athenienses et Lacedaemonios protraheret ita ut ambae civitates quam maxime exhaurirentur[2]. Itaque cum Darius Athenienses acrius bello persequi voluit, filium minorem Cyrum exercitui et Sardium satrapiae praefecit (408/407 a.C.n.)[3]  : Tissaphernes Cariam tantum retinuit.

Bellum inter Artaxerxem et Cyrum

Dario autem mortuo (404 a.C.n.) Tissaphernes Cyrum apud novum regem Artaxerxem accusabat tamquam regnandi cupidus novas res pararet atque fratri maiori insidiaretur[4]. Precibus vero matris Parysatidis supplicio subreptus Cyrus in satrapiam Sardes redire salvus potuit. Tunc occulte pluribus locis mercennarios conducebat causis diversis simulatis sive ad Pisidas sive ad Tissaphernem pertinentibus[5], re vera bellum adversus fratrem parans. Denuo a Tissapherne praeventus est qui Susa apud Artaxerxem festinavit atque ei vera consilia Cyri aperuit[6], qui regem imparatum aggredi ob hanc causam non potuit. Nihilominus pugna apud Cunaxam (401 a.C.n.) fortasse victor fuisset nisi vitam amisisset : in qua pugna Tissaphernes unus e quatuor ducibus Persarum fuit[7].

Cyro mortuo mercennari Graeci (Decem Milia dicti) in patriam redire decreverunt. Tissaphernes cum eis indutias fecit atque fallacibus verbis, tamquam semper amicus Graecorum fuisset, duces eorum in insidias adlexit ubi omnes necati sunt. Qua de causa cum ceteri auctores Graeci tum praecipue Xenophon perfidiam eius vituperare solent. Quae ob merita Tissaphernes exercitum et satrapiam Cyri a rege donatam accepit atque Cariae addidit.

Bellum adversus Lacedaemonios et Agesilaum

Coloniae Graecae in litore Asiae Minoris : causa dissensionis inter satrapas Cyrum et Tissaphernen fuere, causa etiam belli inter Graecos et Persas.

Bello Peloponnesio confecto victores Lacedaemonii omnibus sociis suis persuadere voluerunt ut sese ducentibus in Asiam copias traicerent atque communi omnis Graeciae expeditione civitates Graecas Ioniae iugo Persico liberarent. Primi duces fuerunt Thibron et Dercylidas qui cum satrapis Phanabazo[8] et Tissapherne bellum gessere nec multum proficere potuerunt. Mox tamen ipse rex Agesilaus anno 396 a.C.n. cum Lysandro exercitui praefectus est[9]. Tissaphernes sibi persuasum habebat Agesilaum Cariam invasurum esse, ubi praetorium suum et maximae opes erant[10]. Itaque plerosque pedites eo misit. At Agesilaus usque ad Sardis in Lydiam iter fecit, agrum vastavit et equitatum Persarum ad Pactolum flumen proelio vicit. Quam ob rem male gestam Artaxerxes Tissaphernis caput abscindi iussit[11]. Verisimile est multos inimicos et satrapam Pharnabazum variis criminibus eum onerasse ; odium quoque matris regis, Parysatidis, ei exitio fuisse videtur, quae mortem Cyri ulcisci gestiebat, filii dilectissimi[12].

Fontes

Stela Xanthi reperta, in qua nomen Tissaphernis legitur.

Notae

  1. ↑ Thucydides VIII.5.5 et 17-18 et 37 et 43 et 58
  2. ↑ Thucydides VIII.45-47 et 87
  3. ↑ Hell. I,4,3. Anabasis I,9,7.
  4. ↑ Anabasis I,1,3 : fortasse iure etiam si Xenophon verbum διαβάλλει ponit. Plut. Art. III.
  5. ↑ Anab. I,1,6-8 : rex diu credidit Cyrum bellum cum Tissipherne gessurum. Nam magnae dissensiones inter duos satrapas de urbibus Ioniae ortae erant, quas Cyrus ad sese converterat, quamquam Tissapherni stipendium pendere debebant, praeter Miletum quam obsidebat.
  6. ↑ Plut. Art. VI,6.
  7. ↑ Anab. I,7,12.
  8. ↑ Satrapes Phrygiae erat.
  9. ↑ Plut. Art. XX.
  10. ↑ Corn. Nep. III.
  11. ↑ Hell. III,4,25. Plut., Ages. X,4.
  12. ↑ Diod. Sic. XIV,80.

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