Marathonia pugna

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planities pugnae hodie

Marathonia pugna,[1] quae etiam liberius dicta est proelium apud Marathona factum[2][3] (Graece: Μάχη τοῦ Μαραθῶνος), fere die 12 Septembris anno 490 a.C.n., cum Persae Graeciam primum invasissent, inter Athenienses a Plataeensibus adiutos et copias Persarum Datide Artapherne ducibus commissa est. Clade accepta Persae in Asiam ad tempus reverterunt.

Darius persarum rex iussit Datim ut urbem Athenas incenderet quod Athenienses auxilium Ionibus exsurrectis dederint, Sardesque, provinciae caput, expugnaverint. Athenienses magnum patriae democratiaeque periculum obsistebant. Classis, cui praefectus erat Datis, Darii fidelissimus dux, ad Athenas petebat.

Hac classe ad Euboeam appulsa insulam vastaverunt ac celeriter Eritream ceperunt, inde ad Graeciam accesserunt, Datis prudens arbritabatur a terra oppugnare Athenas, quia ab altis urbis muris periculosam e mare existimavisset incursionem, quamobrem cum copiis ad campum Marathona descenderunt. Hinc praefecti Persae decernebant qua via irent, prima per litora, sic si facerent manus oblonge irent ac latera patentia essent, secunda per montes, ubi instructi erant Athenienses. Decreverunt patefacere oppugnando per montes itaque pedites et equites produxerunt.

Praefecti Athenienses, in eis Miltiades, qui paribus suaserat ut extra muros copias edduxerent, aciem inter montibus instruxerunt ut latera phalangium altitudine montium tractuque arborum ab equitatu essent tuta. Uter tribus diebus manuerunt, quarto die persae impetum fecerunt, prope mile sagittariorum prodierunt telisque Athenienses laccessebant, sed frustra, hi enim galeis, thoracibus et ocreis induti sunt etiam scuta rotunda cum tegumento cupreo ferebant. Tandem, sagittis defectis, Datis missit pedites adversus aciem communem (quia et plataeenses pugnabant). Hic primus impetus cum magna pernicie Persarum a Graecis repulsi sunt. Dein missi sunt Melophoros, cuius nomen est e vocabulo Graeco οἱ μηλοφόροι (qui poma ferunt), fortiores omnium peditum persae. Miltiades tamen consilium creavit; in partes tres divisit aciem suasque copias edduxit in campum ut ibi loco spatioso faciliter moverentur hoplitae atque lateribus plures militum deposuit medioque paucos.

Pugna comissa Asiatici aciem primam inpugnaverunt et efficerunt, secuntum meltiadis consilio, ut medium graecorum gradum referet, hoplitae autem laterales non solum restiterunt sed etiam terruerunt hostem in latera instructum, ut castra praeteverint? et ad naves effugerint. Hoplitae laterales expediti ceteros circumiverunt et multos interfecerunt.

Traditur Graecos misisse cursorem ut victoriam nuntiaret, is eo percucurrit ut foro cum venisset et nuntiavisset victoriam, murtuus esset. Persae tamen ad Asiam non redeunt sed navibus Atticam circumnavegaturi ut Athenas indefensam oppugnent, hoc cum meltiades animadvertisset, duxit manus reggresi urbem. Ubi Datis super moenibus hoplitas prospectavit, reddere ad Asiam iussit classem. Sic decem milia Atheniensium et mile Plataeensium salus fuerunt europae.

Notae

  1. ↑ Cicero, Att. 9.10.3; Nepos, Miltiades 6.3.
  2. ↑ Plin. Nat. 35.57.
  3. ↑ Alibi "pugna apud Marathona commissa": De equitibus Atticis, 1882, p. 10.

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