북아일랜드 분쟁

북아일랜드
a map showing the outline of Ireland in the colour green with the capitals of the North and South marked on it
날짜1960년대 후반 ~ 1998년 4월 10일[2][3][4][5]
장소
북아일랜드 (주로)
아일랜드 공화국잉글랜드와 유럽 대륙 본토에까지 폭력 확산
결과 아일랜드영국과의 벨파스트 협정 체결[1]
교전국

영국 영국

왕립 얼스터 경찰대(RUC)
북아일랜드 교도국(NIPS)
국토의용군(TA)


아일랜드 아일랜드

평화수호대
아일랜드 교도국

아일랜드 공화파

얼스터 왕당파
얼스터 의용군(UVF)
얼스터 방위협회(UDA)
붉은 손 특공대(RHC)
얼스터 저항군(URM)

왕당파 의용군(LVF)
피해 규모

영국 BA: 705[7]
RUC: 301[7]
NIPS: 24[7]
TA: 7[7]
영국 경찰: 6[7]
RAF: 4[7]
RN: 2[7]
(총계: 1,049)



IA: 1
AGS: 9
IPS: 1[7]

(총계: 11)

PIRA: 291[7]
INLA: 39[7]
OIRA: 27[7]
IPLO: 9[7]
RIRA: 2[7]

(총계: 368)

UDA: 91[7]
UVF: 62[7]
RHC: 4[7]
LVF: 3[7]
UR: 2[10]

(총계: 162)
민간인 사망자: 1,840[6] (전직 전투원 포함하면 1,935)[7]
총 사망자: 3,530[6]
총 부상자: 47,500+[8]
총 사상자: 50,000+[9]
전역상자

북아일랜드

북아일랜드(아일랜드어: Nigga 너 트루블로디, 영어: The Troubles 더 트러블스[*])은 아일랜드 공화국영국 연합왕국에서 독립할 당시 얼스터의 일부 지방은 영국에 남음으로써 비롯된 일련의 민족주의 분쟁을 말한다.[11][12][13][14] 분쟁이 일어난 무대는 북아일랜드 뿐만 아니라 아일랜드 공화국, 영국, 유럽 대륙 본토에까지 이르렀다. 북아일랜드 문제는 1960년대 후반에 시작되어 1998년 벨파스트 협정으로 마무리되었으나,[4][15][16][17][18] 협정에 이르기까지의 과정은 산발적 폭력으로 점철되었다.[4][17][19] 국제적으로는 이 분쟁을 북아일랜드 분쟁(北 ── 紛爭, Northern Ireland conflict)이라고 불렀으며,[20][21][22][23][24] 전쟁으로 간주된다.[25][26][27]

북아일랜드 갈등모습

북아일랜드 분쟁은 본질적으로 정치적 문제로서, 종교 분쟁이라 할 수는 없으나,[11][28] 민족적, 종교적 차원에서도 분쟁이 전개된 것도 사실이다. 문제의 핵심은 북아일랜드의 입헌적 지위에 있다. 연합주의자 또는 왕당파들은 거의 대부분 개신교인으로서, 북아일랜드가 영국 연합왕국 내부에 계속 "연합"되어 있기를 원한다. 민족주의자 또는 공화파들은 거의 대부분 가톨릭 교인으로서 북아일랜드가 연합을 탈퇴하여 통일 아일랜드를 구성하기를 원한다.

또다른 핵심 문제는 상술한 두 공동체 사이의 관계이다. 북아일랜드 정부와 경찰 조직은 개신교도/연합주의자가 장악하고 있기에 소수파인 가톨릭 교도/민족주의자에 대한 차별이 발생하지 않을 수 없었고, 이 차별에 반대한 민권운동을 둘러싸고 분쟁이 함께 시작되었다.[29][30]

또한 재판 없는 구류의 도입과 그렇게 구류된 피억류자에게 자행된 소위 "5개 방법"이라는 인권을 침해하는 심문이 있었다. 이 심문들은 원래대로라면 고문으로 인정될 수 있는 수준의 것이었다.[31] 5개 방법은 영국 치안군에 의해 개발되었으며, [32] 처음 도입되었을 때 민족주의자들에게만 사용되었다.[33][34]

인명피해

분쟁에 참여한 세력들로는 공화파 준군사조직(아일랜드 공화국군 임시파가 가장 유명하다.), 왕당파 준군사조직(얼스터 의용군얼스터 방위협회 등), 영국 정부군(영국 육군과 북아일랜드 경찰력인 왕립 얼스터 경찰대), 그리고 여러 정치인들과 정치 운동가들이 있다. 아일랜드 공화국 정부군이 분쟁에서 수행한 역할은 위 세력들에 비하여 상대적으로 미미하다. 30년 동안 진행된 북아일랜드분쟁3,500 명 이상의 사상자를 발생시켰고, 부상자를 포함한 사상자의 수는 50,000명을 훌쩍 넘는다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. Peter Taylor. Behind the mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin, Chapter 21: Stalemate, pp. 246–261.
  2. Frequently Asked Questions - The Northern Ireland Conflict Archived 2010년 12월 6일 - 웨이백 머신, Conflict Archive on the Internet (cain.ulst.ac.uk).
  3. Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-415-32788-6.
  4. "The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance."
    Jack Holland: Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland. Henry Holt & Company, 1999, p. 221; ISBN 0-8050-6087-1
  5. Gordon Gillespie, Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict, p. 250; ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0.
  6. Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status summary Archived 2015년 8월 24일 - 웨이백 머신. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  7. Malcolm Sutton's Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland: Status of person killed Archived 2011년 5월 14일 - 웨이백 머신. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  8. Security and defence-related statistics Archived 2010년 12월 6일 - 웨이백 머신. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  9. “History – The Troubles – Violence”. BBC. 2013년 5월 26일에 확인함. 
  10. Organizations: U Archived 2011년 2월 22일 - 웨이백 머신 (look under "Ulster Resistance"). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)
  11. Mitchell, Claire (2013). Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. 5쪽. The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's Explaining Northern Ireland (1995), and is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker, but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus. 
  12. John McGarry & Brendan O'Leary (1995년 6월 15일). Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell. 18쪽. ISBN 978-0-631-18349-5. 
  13. Dermot Keogh, 편집. (1994년 1월 28일). Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation. Cambridge University Press. 55–59쪽. ISBN 978-0-521-45933-4. 
  14. John Coakley. “ETHNIC CONFLICT AND THE TWO-STATE SOLUTION: THE IRISH EXPERIENCE OF PARTITION”. 2012년 4월 3일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2009년 2월 15일에 확인함. ...these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns. 
  15. Arthur Aughey. The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, p. 7; ISBN 978-0-41532-788-6.
  16. Gordon Gillespie. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict p. 250; ISBN 978-0810855830
  17. Marianne Elliot. The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University. University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press, 2007, pp. 2, 188; ISBN 1-84631-065-2.
  18. Michael Goodspeed. When reason fails: Portraits of armies at war: America, Britain, Israel, and the future. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, pp. 44, 61; ISBN 0-275-97378-6
  19. “Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict (2002–present)”. 2013년 1월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 31일에 확인함. 
  20. A Glossary of Terms Related to the Conflict Archived 2010년 12월 6일 - 웨이백 머신. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Quote: "The term 'the Troubles' is a euphemism used by people in Ireland for the present conflict. The term has been used before to describe other periods of Irish history. On the CAIN web site the terms 'Northern Ireland conflict' and 'the Troubles', are used interchangeably."
  21. Joanne McEvoy. The Politics of Northern Ireland. Edinburgh University Press, 2008. p. 1. Quote: "the Northern Ireland conflict, known locally as 'the Troubles', endured for three decades and claimed the lives of more than 3,500 people".
  22. David McKittrick & David McVea. Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Penguin, 2001.
  23. Gordon Gillespie. The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Scarecrow Press, 2009.
  24. Aaron Edwards & Cillian McGrattan. The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide. Oneworld Publications, 2012.
  25. “Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires”. BBC. 2014년 9월 26일에 확인함. 
  26. “Troubles 'not war' motion passed”. News.bbc.co.uk. 2008년 2월 18일. 2015년 3월 3일에 확인함. 
  27. “Frost over the World -"7:19 Paisley Describes Troubles As War". youtube.com. 2008년 3월 28일. 2015년 3월 3일에 확인함. 
  28. Richard Jenkins (1997). Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. SAGE Publications. 120쪽. It should, I think, be apparent that the Northern Irish conflict is not a religious conflict... Although religion has a place — and indeed an important one — in the repertoire of conflict in Northern Ireland, the majority of participants see the situation as primarily concerned with matters of politics and nationalism, not religion. And there is no reason to disagree with them. 
  29. Richard English. The State: Historical and Political Dimensions, Charles Townshend, 1998, Routledge, p. 96; ISBN 0-41515-477-4.
  30. Dominic Bryan. Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control, Pluto Press (2000), p. 94; ISBN 0-74531-413-9.
  31. http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/british-ministers-sanctioned-torture-of-ni-internees-1.1820882
  32. Lauterpacht & Greenwood 1980, 198쪽.
  33. J. Bowyer Bell (1997). The Secret Army: The IRA. Transaction Publishers. 381쪽. ISBN 1-56000-901-2. 
  34. Tim Pat Coogan (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. Palgrave Macmillan. 

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