다르시의 법칙

다르시의 법칙(Darcy's law)은 다공성 매질을 통과하는 유체의 흐름에 대하여 관찰을 통해 얻은 경험식으로부터 유도된 법칙이다. 모래 시료를 통과하는 의 흐름을 실험한 앙리 다르시에 의해 제안되었다.[1][2]

가정

  1. 다공층을 구성하고 있는 물질의 특성이 균일하고 동질이다.
  2. 대수층(aquifer) 내에 모관수대가 존재하지 않는다.
  3. 흐름은 층류이다.

적용 조건

다르시의 법칙은 유속이 느린 점성 흐름에 대해서만 유효한데, 대부분의 지하수의 흐름에는 다르시의 법칙을 적용할 수 있다. 일반적으로 레이놀즈 수가 1보다 작은 흐름은 층류이고 다르시의 법칙을 적용할 수 있으며, 실험에 의하면 레이놀즈 수가 약 10 정도인 흐름까지도 다르시의 법칙을 적용할 수 있다.[3][4]

설명

다르시의 법칙을 설명

다르시의 법칙은 다공성 매질을 통과하는 유체의 단위 시간당 유량과 유체의 점성, 유체가 흐르는 거리와 그에 따르는 압력 차이 사이의 비례 관계를 의미한다.

유량 (단위는 [길이]3[시간]-1. 예: cm³/s)는 매질의 투과율(hydraulic permeability, 투수 계수, ), 물이 흐르는 매질의 내부 단면적()과 유체가 흐르는 두 점간 압력 차이( 혹은 수두 차이)의 곱을 유체가 흐르는 길이()로 나눈 것과 같다. I는 동수경사이다.[5] 음의 기호는 압력이 낮아지는 방향으로 유체가 흐른다는 것을 의미한다.[2] 여기서 투수계수는 유체의 점성, 매질의 특성(흙 입자의 크기(유효입경)와 모양, 배열 상태, 포화도, 간극비 등)과 관련되어 정해지는 값이다.

흙에서의 실제 유속

흙 시료에 다르시의 법칙을 적용한다고 할 때, 단면적 A는 흙 시료 전체 단면적이므로 이를 통해 계산한 유속 v는 실제 유속 va(침윤속도라고도 함[4])와 다르다. 왜냐하면 실제로 흙 시료에서 물이 흐르는 단면적은 공극만큼의 단면적 Av이기 때문이다. 이는 연속 방정식에 의해 로 나타낼 수 있다.

공극률 n과 공극비 e로 실제 유속 va를 나타낼 수도 있다. 공극률 이고, 이므로,[6][7]

같이 보기

각주

  1. H. Darcy, Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de Dijon, Dalmont, Paris (1856).
  2. 이재수 2018, 226쪽.
  3. 성안당, <토목기사 과년도 시리즈 수리수문학> 348쪽, 2015
  4. 이재수 2018, 227쪽.
  5. 성안당, <토목기사 과년도 시리즈 수리수문학> 347쪽, 2015
  6. 이재수 2018, 220쪽.
  7. 박영태 (2019). 《토목기사 실기》. 세진사. 237쪽. 

참고 문헌

  • 장병욱; 전우정; 송창섭; 유찬; 임성훈; 김용성 (2010). 《토질역학》. 구미서관. 91-95쪽. ISBN 978-89-8225-697-4. 
  • 이재수 (2018). 《수문학》 2판. 구미서관. ISBN 9788982252914. 
  • Amin F. Zarandi, Krishna M. Pillai, Adam S. Kimmel, "Spontaneous imbibition of liquids in glass-fiber wicks. Part I: Usefulness of a sharp-front approach". American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE Journal. 63: 294–305, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/aic.15965

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