폰 노이만 구조

폰 노이만 구조

폰 노이만 구조(영어: Von Neumann architecture)는 에드박의 보고서 최초 초안(First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC)에서 수학자이자 컴퓨터과학자 존 폰 노이만과 다른 사람들이 서술한 1945년 설명에 기반한 컴퓨터 아키텍처이다.[1] 해당 문서는 다음의 부품과 함께 전자 디지털 컴퓨터의 설계 구조를 설명한다:

내장 메모리 순차처리 방식으로서, 데이터 메모리와 프로그램 메모리가 구분되어 있지 않고 하나의 버스를 가지고 있는 구조를 말한다.

개요

폰 노이만의 가장 큰 업적은 현재와 같은 CPU, 메모리, 프로그램 구조를 갖는 범용 컴퓨터 구조의 확립이다. 폰 노이만은 맨해튼 프로젝트에 참여할 당시 발표한 논문 <전자계산기의 이론 설계 서론>에서 CPU, 메모리, 프로그램 구조를 갖는 프로그램 내장 방식 컴퓨터의 아이디어를 처음 제시하였고, 7년 후 케임브리지 대학교의 의뢰로 세계 최초의 프로그램 내장 방식 컴퓨터 EDSAC을 제작한다. 이후에 나온 컴퓨터는 모두 폰 노이만의 설계를 기본 구조로 디자인되고 있다.

폰 노이만 병목현상

폰 노이만 병목(Von Neumann bottleneck)현상은, 프로그램 메모리인 과 데이터 메모리인 사이의 공유 버스(shared bus) 즉, CPU와 메모리간 데이터 전송율(data transfer rate)의 한계로 인해 발생하는 병목현상 또는 기억장소의 지연 현상을 이른다. 이는 나열된 명령을 순차적으로 수행하고, 그 명령은 일정한 기억장소의 값을 변경하는 작업으로 구성되는 폰 노이만 구조에서 기인한다. 어쨌든 주류를 이룬 컴퓨터는 대개 이 폰 노이만 구조를 근간으로 발전해 왔고, 우리가 흔히 CPU라고 말하는 중앙 처리 장치는 전자 공학, 반도체 기술 및 소재의 혁신적인 발전에 따라 점점 작은 크기에 집적되게 되었고 그 처리 능력도 비약적으로 발전해 왔다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. von Neumann, John (1945), 《First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC》 (PDF), 2013년 3월 14일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서, 2011년 8월 24일에 확인함 
  2. Ganesan 2009

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